商法 - 法令データベース

商法

法令番号: 法律第48号

公布年月日: 明治32年3月9日

法令の形式: 法律

改正対象法令

廃止: 商法

施行法

商法施行法

施行期日を定める法令

(商法施行ノ件)

外地適用

提案理由 (AIによる要約)

商法修正案は前期議会で貴族院の協賛を得て衆議院に送付されたが、衆議院解散により成立に至らなかった。その後、商業会議所等から多くの意見が寄せられたため、それらを考慮して慎重に審議を重ね、再度提出することとなった。また、この商法の後に商法施行法案が提出される予定であるが、商法の内容が確定しなければ施行法案の条文引用等に支障をきたすため、本修正案の速やかな議決を希望する。

参照した発言:
第13回帝国議会貴族院本会議第12号

審議経過

第13回帝国議会

貴族院

(明治32年1月14日)

(明治32年1月18日)

(明治32年1月20日)

(明治32年1月21日)

(明治32年1月24日)

衆議院

(明治32年1月31日)

(明治32年2月6日)

(明治32年2月16日)

(明治32年2月18日)

(明治32年2月22日)

(明治32年2月24日)

(明治32年2月25日)

朕帝國議會ノ協贊ヲ經タル商法修正ノ件ヲ裁可シ玆ニ之ヲ公布セシム

御名御璽

明治三十二年三月七日

內閣總理大臣　侯爵　山縣有朋

大藏大臣　伯爵　松方正義

內務大臣　侯爵　西鄕從道

陸軍大臣　子爵　桂太郞

文部大臣　伯爵　樺山資紀

外務大臣　子爵　靑木周藏

遞信大臣　子爵　芳川顯正

海軍大臣　山本權兵衞

司法大臣　淸浦奎吾

農商務大臣　曾禰荒助

法律第四十八號

商法別册ノ通之ヲ定ム

此法律施行ノ期日ハ勅令ヲ以テ之ヲ定ム

明治二十三年法律第三十二號商法ハ第三編ヲ除ク外此法律施行ノ日ヨリ之ヲ廢止ス

（別册）

商法

COMMERCIAL CODE

第一編

總則

BOOK I. -- General provisions.

第一章

法例

CHAPTER I. -- Application of law.

第二章

商人

CHAPTER II. -- Traders.

第三章

商業登記

CHAPTER III. -- Commercial registration.

第四章

商號

CHAPTER IV. -- Trade names.

第五章

商業帳簿

CHAPTER V. -- Trade books.

第六章

商業使用人

CHAPTER VI. -- Trade assistants.

第七章

代理商

CHAPTER VII. -- Commercial agents.

第二編

會社

BOOK II. Commercial companies.

第一章

總則

CHAPTER I. -- General provisions.

第二章

合名會社

CHAPTER II. -- Ordinary partnerships.

第一節

設立

SECTION I. -- Formation.

第二節

會社ノ內部ノ關係

SECTION II. - Internal relations of the partnership.

第三節

會社ノ外部ノ關係

SECTION III. -- External relations of the partnership.

第四節

社員ノ退社

SECTION IV. -- Termination of a partner's membership.

第五節

解散

SECTION V. -- Dissolution.

第六節

淸算

SECTION VI. -- Liquidation.

第三章

合資會社

CHAPTER III. -- Limited partnerships.

第四章

株式會社

CHAPTER IV. -- Joint stock companies.

第一節

設立

SECTION I. -- Formation.

第二節

株式

SECTION II. -- Shares.

第三節

會社ノ機關

SECTION III. -- Organization

第一款

株主總會

SUBSECTION I. -- General meetings of shareholders.

第二款

取締役

SUBSECTION II. -- Directors.

第三款

監査役

SUBSECTION III. -- Inspectors.

第四節

會社ノ計算

SECTION IV. -- Accounts.

第五節

社債

SECTION V. -- Debentures.

第六節

定款ノ變更

SECTION VI. -- Alterations of the com- pany contract.

第七節

解散

SECTION VII. -- Dissolution.

第八節

淸算

SECTION VIII. -- Liquidation.

第五章

株式合資會社

CHAPTER V. -- Joint stock limited partnerships.

第六章

外國會社

CHAPTER VI. -- Foreign companies.

第七章

罰則

CHAPTER VII. -- Penal provisions.

第三編

商行爲

BOOK III. -- Commercial transactions.

第一章

總則

CHAPTER I. -- General provisions.

第二章

賣買

CHAPTER II. -- Sale.

第三章

交互計算

CHAPTER III. -- Current account.

第四章

匿名組合

CHAPTER IV. -- Anonymous association.

第五章

仲立營業

CHAPTER V. -- Brokerage.

第六章

問屋營業

CHAPTER VI. -- Commission agency.

第七章

運送取扱營業

CHAPTER VII. -- Forwarding agency.

第八章

運送營業

CHAPTER VIII. -- Carriage.

第一節

物品運送

SECTION I. -- The carriage of goods.

第二節

旅客運送

SECTION II. -- The carriage of passengers.

第九章

寄託

CHAPTER IX. -- Deposit.

第一節

總則

SECTION I. -- General provisions.

第二節

倉庫營業

SECTION II. -- Warehousing.

第十章

保險

CHAPTER X. -- Insurance.

第一節

損害保險

SECTION I. -- Insurance against loss.

第一款

總則

SUBSECTION I. -- General provisions.

第二款

火災保險

SUBSECTION II. -- Insurance against fire.

第三款

運送保險

SUBSECTION III. -- Insurance on carriage.

第二節

生命保險

SECTION II. -Insurance on life.

第四編

手形

BOOK IV. -- Bills.

第一章

總則

CHAPTER I. -- General provisions

第二章

爲替手形

CHAPTER II. -- Bills of exchange.

第一節

振出

SECTION I. -- The drawing of a bill of exchange.

第二節

裏書

SECTION II. -- Indorsement.

第三節

引受

SECTION III. -- Acceptance.

第四節

擔保ノ請求

SECTION IV. -- Claim for security.

第五節

支拂

SECTION V. -- Payment

第六節

償還ノ請求

SECTION VI. -- Claim for recourse.

第七節

保證

SECTION VII. -- Suretyship.

第八節

參加

SECTION VIII. -- Intervention.

第一款

參加引受

SUBSECTION I. -- Acceptance for honour.

第二款

參加支拂

SUBSECTION II. -- Payment for honour.

第九節

拒絕證書

SECTION IX. -- Protest

第十節	爲替手形ノ複本及ヒ謄本

SECTION X. -- Parts and copies of bills of exchange

第三章

約束手形

CHAPTER III. -- Promissory notes.

第四章

小切手

CHAPTER IV. -- Cheques.

第五編

海商

BOOK V. -- Commerce by sea

第一章

船舶及ヒ船舶所有者

CHAPTER I. -- Ships and shipowners.

第二章

船員

CHAPTER II. -- Mariners.

第一節

船長

SECTION I. -- The master.

第二節

海員

SECTION II. -- Seamen.

第三章

運送

CHAPTER III. -- Carriage by sea

第一節

物品運送

SECTION I. -- The carriage of goods.

第一款

總則

SUBSECTION I. -- General provisions.

第二款

船荷證券

SUBSECTION II. -- Bills of lading.

第二節

旅客運送

SECTION II. -- The carriage of passengers.

第四章

海損

CHAPTER IV. -- Sea damage.

第五章

保險

CHAPTER V. -- Marine Insurance.

第六章

船舶債權者

CHAPTER VI. -- Ship's creditors.

商法

COMMERCIAL CODE

第一編　總則

BOOK I. GENERAL PROVISIONS.

第一章　法例

CHAPTER I. THE APPLICATION OF LAW.

第一條　商事ニ關シ本法ニ規定ナキモノニ付テハ商慣習法ヲ適用シ商慣習法ナキトキハ民法ヲ適用ス

1.　In case there is no provision in this Code as to a commercial matter, the customary commercial law shall apply, or if there is no such customary law, the Civil Code shall apply.

第二條　公法人ノ商行爲ニ付テハ法令ニ別段ノ定ナキトキニ限リ本法ノ規定ヲ適用ス

2.　The provisions of this Code apply to commercial transactions of public juridical persons only if not otherwise provided by law or regulation.

第三條　當事者ノ一方ノ爲メニ商行爲タル行爲ニ付テハ本法ノ規定ヲ雙方ニ適用ス

3.　If a transaction is a commercial one with regard to one party thereto, the provisions of this Code apply to all parties.

第二章　商人

CHAPTER II. TRADERS.

第四條　本法ニ於テ商人トハ自己ノ名ヲ以テ商行爲ヲ爲スヲ業トスル者ヲ謂フ

4.　A trader in the sense of this Code is a person who in his own name carries on commercial transactions as a business.

第五條　未成年者又ハ妻カ商業ヲ營ムトキハ登記ヲ爲スコトヲ要ス

5.　When a minor or a married woman carries on a commercial business, registration must be made.

第六條　會社ノ無限責任社員ト爲ルコトヲ許サレタル未成年者又ハ妻ハ其會社ノ業務ニ關シテハ之ヲ能力者ト看做ス

6.　A minor or a married woman, who has been permitted to become a partner with unlimited liability of a company, is treated as a person of full capacity as to the business of such company.

第七條　後見人カ被後見人ノ爲メニ商業ヲ營ムトキハ登記ヲ爲スコトヲ要ス

7.　When a guardian carries on a commercial business for his ward, registration must be made.

後見人ノ代理權ニ加ヘタル制限ハ之ヲ以テ善意ノ第三者ニ對抗スルコトヲ得ス

A restriction on the right of representation of the guardian cannot be set up against third persons acting in good faith.

第八條　戶戶ニ就キ又ハ道路ニ於テ物ヲ賣買スル者其他小商人ニハ商業登記、商號及ヒ商業帳簿ニ關スル規定ヲ適用セス

8.　The provisions relating to commercial registration, trade names and trade books do not apply to persons who buy and sell things as pedlars or on the streets or to other petty traders.

第三章　商業登記

CHAPTER III. COMMERCIAL REGISTRATION.

第九條　本法ノ規定ニ依リ登記スヘキ事項ハ當事者ノ請求ニ因リ其營業所ノ裁判所ニ備ヘタル商業登記簿ニ之ヲ登記ス

9.　Facts required to be registered according to the pro visions of this Code are registered on the application of the person concerned in the Commercial Register kept by the court of his scat of business.

第十條　本店ノ所在地ニ於テ登記スヘキ事項ハ本法ニ別段ノ定ナキトキハ支店ノ所在地ニ於テモ亦之ヲ登記スルコトヲ要ス

10.　Facts required to be registered at the place of a principal office must also be registered at the place of every branch office, except as otherwise provided by this Code.

第十一條　登記シタル事項ハ裁判所ニ於テ遲滯ナク之ヲ公吿スルコトヲ要ス

11.　Facts entered in the Commercial Register must without delay be published by the Court.

第十二條　登記スヘキ事項ハ登記及ヒ公吿ノ後ニ非サレハ之ヲ以テ善意ノ第三者ニ對抗スルコトヲ得ス登記及ヒ公吿ノ後ト雖モ第三者カ正當ノ事由ニ因リテ之ヲ知ラサリシトキ亦同シ

12.　A fact to be registered cannot be set up against third persons acting in good faith, until after it has been registered and published ; and not even then against third persons who for a just cause were ignorant of such fact.

第十三條　支店ノ所在地ニ於テ登記スヘキ事項ヲ登記セサリシトキハ前條ノ規定ハ其支店ニ於テ爲シタル取引ニ付テノミ之ヲ適用ス

13.　When a fact to be registered at the place of a branch office has not been registered, the provisions of the preceding article apply only to business transacted at such branch office.

第十四條　登記ハ其公吿ト牴觸スルトキト雖モ之ヲ以テ第三者ニ對抗スルコトヲ得

14.　A registration may be set up against third persons, even though it differs from the publication.

第十五條　登記シタル事項ニ變更ヲ生シ又ハ其事項カ消滅シタルトキハ當事者ハ遲滯ナク變更又ハ消滅ノ登記ヲ爲スコトヲ要ス

15.　If any alteration takes place in a fact registered, or if such fact ceases to exist, such alteration or cessation must without delay be registered by the persons concerned.

第四章　商號

CHAPTER IV. TRADE NAMES.

第十六條　商人ハ其氏、氏名其他ノ名稱ヲ以テ商號ト爲スコトヲ得

16.　A trader may use his family name or his full name or any other denomination as his trade name.

第十七條　會社ノ商號中ニハ其種類ニ從ヒ合名會社、合資會社、株式會社又ハ株式合資會社ナル文字ヲ用ユルコトヲ要ス

17.　In the trade name of a company the word 合名會社(gōmeikwaisha) or 合資會社(gōshikwaisha) or 株式會社 (kabushikikwaisha) or 株式合資會社(kabushikigōshikwaisha) must be used according to the nature of the company.

第十八條　會社ニ非スシテ商號中ニ會社タルコトヲ示スヘキ文字ヲ用ユルコトヲ得ス會社ノ營業ヲ讓受ケタルトキト雖モ亦同シ

18.　Where no company exists, no word indicating the existence of a company must be used in the trade name. This applies also when the business of a company is taken over by another person.

前項ノ規定ニ違反シタル者ハ五圓以上五十圓以下ノ過料ニ處セラル

A person who acts in contravention of the provisions of the foregoing paragraph is liable to a fine of from five yen to fifty yen.

第十九條　他人カ登記シタル商號ハ同市町村內ニ於テ同一ノ營業ノ爲メニ之ヲ登記スルコトヲ得ス

19.　A trade name which is already registered for another person cannot be registered in the same city, town or village for the same business.

第二十條　商號ノ登記ヲ爲シタル者ハ不正ノ競爭ノ目的ヲ以テ同一又ハ類似ノ商號ヲ使用スル者ニ對シテ其使用ヲ止ムヘキコトヲ請求スルコトヲ得但損害賠償ノ請求ヲ妨ケス

20.　A person who has his trade name registered may demand against any one using the same or a similar * trade name for the purpose of improper competition, that he discontinue such use ; but this does not affect any claim for damages.

同市町村內ニ於テ同一ノ營業ノ爲メニ他人ノ登記シタル商號ヲ使用スル者ハ不正ノ競爭ノ目的ヲ以テ之ヲ使用スルモノト推定ス

A person who uses the registered trade name of another in the same city, town or village for the same business is presumed to do so for the purpose of improper competition.

第二十一條　商號ノ讓渡ハ其登記ヲ爲スニ非サレハ之ヲ以テ第三者ニ對抗スルコトヲ得ス

21.　The assignment of a trade name can be set up against third persons only if it is registered.

第二十二條　商號ト共ニ營業ヲ讓渡シタル場合ニ於テ當事者カ別段ノ意思ヲ表示セサリシトキハ讓渡人ハ同市町村內ニ於テ二十年間同一ノ營業ヲ爲スコトヲ得ス

22.　When a person has assigned his business together with the trade name, he is, unless the parties concerned have expressed a different intention, not allowed for a period of twenty years to carry on the same business in the same city, town or village.

讓渡人カ同一ノ營業ヲ爲ササル特約ヲ爲シタルトキハ其特約ハ同府縣內且三十年ヲ超エサル範圍內ニ於テノミ其效力ヲ有ス

If the person assigning expressly contracts not to carry on the same business, such contract has effect only for the same Fu or Ken and only for a period not exceeding thirty years.

讓渡人ハ前二項ノ規定ニ拘ハラス不正ノ競爭ノ目的ヲ以テ同一ノ營業ヲ爲スコトヲ得ス

The person assigning is irrespective of the provisions of the preceding two paragraphs not allowed to carry on the same business for the purpose of improper competition.

第二十三條　前條ノ規定ハ營業ノミヲ讓渡シタル場合ニ之ヲ準用ス

23.　The provisions of the preceding article apply correspondingly where the business alone is assigned.

第二十四條　商號ノ登記ヲ爲シタル者カ其商號ヲ廢止シ又ハ之ヲ變更シタル場合ニ於テ其廢止又ハ變更ノ登記ヲ爲ササルトキハ利害關係人ハ其登記ノ抹消ヲ裁判所ニ請求スルコトヲ得

24.　When a person for whom a trade name is registered has given up such trade name or has changed it without having registered such fact, any party interested may apply to the court for the cancellation of such registration.

前項ノ場合ニ於テ裁判所ハ登記ヲ爲シタル者ニ對シ相當ノ期間ヲ定メ異議アラハ其期間內ニ之ヲ申立ツヘキ旨ヲ催吿シ若シ其期間內ニ異議ノ申立ナキトキハ直チニ其登記ヲ抹消スルコトヲ要ス

In such case the court must summon the person for whom the registration was made to present his objections within a reasonable time to be fixed by the court. If no objection is made within such time, the registration must be forthwith cancelled by the court.

第五章　商業帳簿

CHAPTER V. TRADE BOOKS.

第二十五條　商人ハ帳簿ヲ備ヘ之ニ日日ノ取引其他財產ニ影響ヲ及ホスヘキ一切ノ事項ヲ整然且明暸ニ記載スルコトヲ要ス但家事費用ハ一个月每ニ其總額ヲ記載スルヲ以テ足ル

25.　A trader must keep books and record therein accurately and clearly his daily dealings and all circumstances affecting his property. As to household expenses only the total monthly amount need be entered.

小賣ノ取引ハ現金賣ト掛賣トヲ分チ日日ノ賣上總額ノミヲ記載スルコトヲ得

As to the dealings of a retail business, only the total amount of each day's sales may be entered, separating cash sales and credit sales.

第二十六條　動產、不動產、債權、債務其他ノ財產ノ總目錄及ヒ貸方借方ノ對照表ハ商人ノ開業ノ時又ハ會社ノ設立登記ノ時及ヒ每年一囘一定ノ時期ニ於テ之ヲ作リ特ニ設ケタル帳簿ニ之ヲ記載スルコトヲ要ス

26.　At the time when a trader commences business, or when the formation of a company is registered, and once in each year at a fixed time, a general inventory of movables and immovables, of credits and debts and of other property as well as a balance-sheet must be made and entered in a book specially kept for such purpose.

財產目錄ニハ動產、不動產、債權其他ノ財產ニ其目錄調製ノ時ニ於ケル價格ヲ附スルコトヲ要ス

In the inventory a valuation must be inserted of the movables and immovables and of the credits and other property as at the time of making the inventory.

第二十七條　年二囘以上利益ノ配當ヲ爲ス會社ニ在リテハ每配當期ニ前條ノ規定ニ從ヒ財產目錄及ヒ貸借對照表ヲ作ルコトヲ要ス

27.　If a company distributes profits twice a year or oftener, it must make an inventory and balance-sheet according to the provisions of the preceding article at the time of each distribution.

第二十八條　商人ハ十年間其商業帳簿及ヒ其營業ニ關スル信書ヲ保存スルコトヲ要ス

28.　A trader must preserve his trade books and business correspondence for a period of ten years.

前項ノ期間ハ商業帳簿ニ付テハ其帳簿閉鎖ノ時ヨリ之ヲ起算ス

Such period is to be computed for a trade book from the time when it is closed.

第六章　商業使用人

CHAPTER VI. TRADE ASSISTANTS.

第二十九條　商人ハ支配人ヲ選任シ其本店又ハ支店ニ於テ其商業ヲ營マシムルコトヲ得

29.　A trader may appoint a procurator to carry on his businesseither at the principal office or at a branch office.

第三十條　支配人ハ主人ニ代ハリテ其營業ニ關スル一切ノ裁判上又ハ裁判外ノ行爲ヲ爲ス權限ヲ有ス

30.　A procurator is authorized to do in the place of the principal all transactions in or out of court relating to the principal's business.

支配人ハ番頭、手代其他ノ使用人ヲ選任又ハ解任スルコトヲ得

A procurator may appoint and dismiss banto, clerks and other assistants.

支配人ノ代理權ニ加ヘタル制限ハ之ヲ以テ善意ノ第三者ニ對抗スルコトヲ得ス

Any limitation of the power of representation of a procurator cannot be set up against third persons acting in good faith.

第三十一條　支配人ノ選任及ヒ其代理權ノ消滅ハ之ヲ置キタル本店又ハ支店ノ所在地ニ於テ主人之ヲ登記スルコトヲ要ス

31.　The principal must register the appointment of a procurator and the termination of his power of representation at the place of the principal office or the branch office for which he is appointed.

第三十二條　支配人ハ主人ノ許諾アルニ非サレハ自己又ハ第三者ノ爲メニ商行爲ヲ爲シ又ハ會社ノ無限責任社員ト爲ルコトヲ得ス

32.　Without the permission of the principal a procurator is not allowed to do commercial transactions on his ownaccount or on that of a third person, or to become a partner with unlimited liability of a company.

支配人カ前項ノ規定ニ反シテ自己ノ爲メニ商行爲ヲ爲シタルトキハ主人ハ之ヲ以テ自己ノ爲メニ爲シタルモノト看做スコトヲ得

If a procurator in violation of the foregoing provisions undertakes a commercial transaction on his own account, the principal may consider such transaction as done on his account.

前項ニ定メタル權利ハ主人カ其行爲ヲ知リタル時ヨリ二週間之ヲ行ハサルトキハ消滅ス行爲ノ時ヨリ一年ヲ經過シタルトキ亦同シ

This right of the principal ceases, if it is not exercised for two weeks from the time when the principal receives notice of such transaction, or if a year has elapsed since the time of the transaction.

第三十三條　商人ハ番頭又ハ手代ヲ選任シ其營業ニ關スル或種類又ハ特定ノ事項ヲ委任スルコトヲ得

33.　A trader may appoint a banto or a clerk for particular parts of, or for specially fixed matters relating to his business.

番頭又ハ手代ハ其委任ヲ受ケタル事項ニ關シ一切ノ行爲ヲ爲ス權限ヲ有ス

A banto or a clerk is authorized to do all acts relating to the matters entrusted to him.

第三十四條　支配人、番頭又ハ手代ニ非サル使用人ハ主人ニ代ハリテ法律行爲ヲ爲ス權限ヲ有セサルモノト推定ス

34.　Assistants other than procurators, banto or clerks are presumed not to be authorized to do juristic acts in the place of the principal.

第三十五條　本章ノ規定ハ主人ト商業使用人トノ間ニ生スル雇傭關係ニ付キ民法ノ規定ヲ適用スルコトヲ妨ケス

35.　By the provisions of this chapter the application of the provisions of the Civil Code as to the relations arising from the hiring between the principal and trade assistants is not affected.

第七章　代理商

CHAPTER VII. COMMERCIAL AGENTS.

第三十六條　代理商トハ使用人ニ非スシテ一定ノ商人ノ爲メニ平常其營業ノ部類ニ屬スル商行爲ノ代理又ハ媒介ヲ爲ス者ヲ謂フ

36.　A commercial agent is a person who, without being an assistant, habitually acts on behalf of a particular trader as his representative or intermediary in commercial transactions belonging to the branch of business of such trader.

第三十七條　代理商カ商行爲ノ代理又ハ媒介ヲ爲シタルトキハ遲滯ナク本人ニ對シテ其通知ヲ發スルコトヲ要ス

37.　When a commercial agent has acted as representative or intermediary in a commercial transaction, he must without delay give notice thereof to the principal.

第三十八條　代理商ハ本人ノ許諾アルニ非サレハ自己又ハ第三者ノ爲メニ本人ノ營業ノ部類ニ屬スル商行爲ヲ爲シ又ハ同種ノ營業ヲ目的トスル會社ノ無限責任社員ト爲ルコトヲ得ス

38.　Without the permission of the principal, a commercial agent is not allowed to do on his own account or on that of a third person commercial transactions falling within the kind of business carried on by the principal, or to become a partner with unlimited liability of a company whose object is the same kind of business.

第三十二條第二項及ヒ第三項ノ規定ハ代理商カ前項ノ規定ニ違反シタル場合ニ之ヲ準用ス

If a commercial agent acts in contravention of these provisions, the provisions of Art. 32, 2 and 3 apply correspondingly.

第三十九條　物品販賣ノ委託ヲ受ケタル代理商ハ賣買ノ目的物ノ瑕疵又ハ其數量ノ不足其他賣買ノ履行ニ關スル通知ヲ受クル權限ヲ有ス

39.　When a commercial agent has been entrusted with the sale of goods, he is entitled to receive any notice relating to a defect in the goods sold or a deficiency in their quantity and to the performance of the sale.

第四十條　當事者カ契約ノ期間ヲ定メサリシトキハ各當事者ハ二个月前ニ豫吿ヲ爲シテ其契約ノ解除ヲ爲スコトヲ得

40.　When the time of duration of the contract has not been fixed by the parties, it may be terminated by either party on a two months' notice.

當事者カ契約ノ期間ヲ定メタルト否トヲ問ハス已ムコトヲ得サル事由アルトキハ各當事者ハ何時ニテモ其契約ノ解除ヲ爲スコトヲ得

Irrespective of whether a time of duration has been fixed or not, the contract may be terminated at any time by either party, if an unavoidable necessity exists for doing so.

第四十一條　代理商ハ商行爲ノ代理又ハ媒介ヲ爲シタルニ因リテ生シタル債權ニ付キ本人ノ爲メニ占有スル物ヲ留置スルコトヲ得但別段ノ意思表示アリタルトキハ此限ニ在ラス

41.　Unless a different intention has been expressed, a commercial agent has a right of retention against all property whose possession he holds on account of the principal, for all obligations arising in his favour from his acting as representative or as intermediary in commercial transactions.

第二編　會社

BOOK II. COMPANIES.

第一章　總則

CHAPTER I. GENERAL PROVISIONS.

第四十二條　本法ニ於テ會社トハ商行爲ヲ爲スヲ業トスル目的ヲ以テ設立シタル社團ヲ謂フ

42.　A company in the sense of this Code is a shadan established for the purpose of doing commercial transactions as a business.

第四十三條　會社ハ合名會社、合資會社、株式會社及ヒ株式合資會社ノ四種トス

43.　There are four kinds of companies, namely : Ordinary partnerships, limited partnerships, joint stock companies and joint stock limited partnerships.

第四十四條　會社ハ之ヲ法人トス

44.　A company is a juridical person.

會社ノ住所ハ其本店ノ所在地ニ在ルモノトス

A company has its domicile at the place of its principal office.

第四十五條　會社ノ設立ハ其本店ノ所在地ニ於テ登記ヲ爲スニ非サレハ之ヲ以テ第三者ニ對抗スルコトヲ得ス

45.　The formation of a company cannot be set up against third persons unless it is registered at the place of its principal office.

第四十六條　會社ハ其本店ノ所在地ニ於テ登記ヲ爲スニ非サレハ開業ノ準備ニ著手スルコトヲ得ス

46.　A company cannot begin to make preparations for commencing business unless it is registered at the place of its principal office.

第四十七條　會社カ本店ノ所在地ニ於テ登記ヲ爲シタル後六个月內ニ開業ヲ爲ササルトキハ裁判所ハ檢事ノ請求ニ因リ又ハ職權ヲ以テ其解散ヲ命スルコトヲ得但正當ノ事由アルトキハ其會社ノ請求ニ因リ此期間ヲ伸長スルコトヲ得

47.　If a company does not commence business within six months after registration at the place of its principal office, the court may on the application of the public procurator or of its own motion order its dissolution. If, however, good cause is shown, the above mentioned term may be extended on the application of the company.

第四十八條　會社カ公ノ秩序又ハ善良ノ風俗ニ反スル行爲ヲ爲シタルトキハ裁判所ハ檢事ノ請求ニ因リ又ハ職權ヲ以テ其解散ヲ命スルコトヲ得

48.　If a company does acts contrary to the public welfare or to good morals, the court may on the application of the public procurator or of its own motion order its dissolution.

第二章　合名會社

CHAPTER II. ORDINARY PARTNERSHIPS.

第一節　設立

SECTION I. FORMATION.

第四十九條　合名會社ヲ設立スルニハ定款ヲ作ルコトヲ要ス

49.　The formation of an ordinary partnership must be by a written contract.

第五十條　合名會社ノ定款ニハ左ノ事項ヲ記載シ各社員之ニ署名スルコトヲ要ス

50.　A partnership contract must be signed by all the partners, and must contain the following particulars :

一　目的

1.　The object ;

二　商號

2.　The trade name ;

三　社員ノ氏名、住所

3.　The name and domicile of each partner ;

四　本店及ヒ支店ノ所在地

4.　The place of the principal office and of each branch office ;

五　社員ノ出資ノ種類及ヒ價格又ハ評價ノ標準

5.　The nature and value of the contributions of the partners or the basis of valuation.

第五十一條　會社ハ定款ヲ作リタル日ヨリ二週間內ニ其本店及ヒ支店ノ所在地ニ於テ左ノ事項ヲ登記スルコトヲ要ス

51.　The partnership must within two weeks from the day of the making of the partnership contract register at the place of the principal office and of each branch office the following particulars :

一　前條第一號乃至第三號ニ揭ケタル事項

1.　The facts mentioned under Nos. 1-3 of the preceding article ;

二　本店及ヒ支店

2.　The principal office and the branch offices ;

三　設立ノ年月日

3.　The date of formation ;

四　存立時期又ハ解散ノ事由ヲ定メタルトキハ其時期又ハ事由

4.　If a time of duration or causes for dissolution arc fixed, such time or causes ;

五　社員ノ出資ノ種類及ヒ財產ヲ目的トスル出資ノ價格

5.　The nature of the contribution of the partners and the value of any contribution whose subject is property ;

六　會社ヲ代表スヘキ社員ヲ定メタルトキハ其氏名

6.　If partners who are to represent the partnership have been designated, their names.

會社設立ノ後支店ヲ設ケタルトキハ其支店ノ所在地ニ於テハ二週間內ニ前項ニ定メタル登記ヲ爲シ本店及ヒ他ノ支店ノ所在地ニ於テハ同期間內ニ其支店ヲ設ケタルコトヲ登記スルコトヲ要ス

If after the formation of the partnership a branch office is established, the registration provided for in the preceding paragraph must be made at the place of such branch office within two weeks, and the fact that a branch office has been established must be registered within the same time at the place of the principal office and of each other branch office.

本店又ハ支店ノ所在地ヲ管轄スル登記所ノ管轄區域內ニ於テ新ニ支店ヲ設ケタルトキハ其支店ヲ設ケタルコトヲ登記スルヲ以テ足ル

If a new branch office is established within the jurisdiction of the Registry Office under whose jurisdiction the principal office or a branch office is situated, it is sufficient to register the fact that a branch office has been established.

第五十二條　會社カ其本店又ハ支店ヲ移轉シタルトキハ舊所在地ニ於テハ二週間內ニ移轉ノ登記ヲ爲シ新所在地ニ於テハ同期間內ニ前條第一項ニ定メタル登記ヲ爲スコトヲ要ス

52.　When a partnership transfers its principal office or a branch office to another place, such transfer must be registered at the former place within two weeks, and at the new place the registration provided for in Art. 51, 1 must be made within the same time.

同一ノ登記所ノ管轄區域內ニ於テ本店又ハ支店ヲ移轉シタルトキハ其移轉ノミノ登記ヲ爲スコトヲ要ス

If the transfer is to a place within the jurisdiction of the same Registry Office, only such transfer must be registered.

第五十三條　第五十一條第一項ニ揭ケタル事項中ニ變更ヲ生シタルトキハ二週間內ニ本店及ヒ支店ノ所在地ニ於テ其登記ヲ爲スコトヲ要ス

53.　If an alteration takes place in the facts mentioned in Art. 51, 1, it must be registered at the place of the principal office and of each branch office within two weeks.

第二節　會社ノ內部ノ關係

SECTION II. THE INTERNAL RELATIONS OF THE PARTNERSHIP,

第五十四條　會社ノ內部ノ關係ニ付テハ定款又ハ本法ニ別段ノ定ナキトキハ組合ニ關スル民法ノ規定ヲ準用ス

54.　So far as the relations between the partners are not otherwise determined by the partnership contract or by this Code, the provisions of the Civil Code as to associations apply correspondingly.

第五十五條　社員カ債權ヲ以テ出資ノ目的ト爲シタル場合ニ於テ債務者カ辨濟期ニ辨濟ヲ爲ササリシトキハ社員ハ其辨濟ノ責ニ任ス此場合ニ於テハ其利息ヲ拂フ外尙ホ損害ノ賠償ヲ爲スコトヲ要ス

55.　When the contribution of a partner consists in an obligation existing in his favour, if the debtor does not perform it when it falls due, the partner is himself bound to perform. In such case he is not only liable for interest but must also pay damages.

第五十六條　各社員ハ定款ニ別段ノ定ナキトキハ會社ノ業務ヲ執行スル權利ヲ有シ義務ヲ負フ

56.　Each partner has the right and it is his duty to conduct the affairs of the partnership, unless it is otherwise provided in the partnership contract.

第五十七條　支配人ノ選任及ヒ解任ハ特ニ業務執行社員ヲ定メタルトキト雖モ社員ノ過半數ヲ以テ之ヲ決ス

57.　The appointment and the dismissal of a procurator is decided upon by a majority vote of the partners, even though special partners for conducting the affairs of the partnership have been appointed.

第五十八條　定款ノ變更其他會社ノ目的ノ範圍內ニ在ラサル行爲ヲ爲スニハ總社員ノ同意アルコトヲ要ス

58.　The consent of all the partners is required for any alteration of the partnership contract and for all transactions foreign to the object of the partnership.

第五十九條　社員カ他ノ社員ノ承諾ヲ得スシテ其持分ノ全部又ハ一部ヲ他人ニ讓渡シタルトキハ其讓渡ハ之ヲ以テ會社ニ對抗スルコトヲ得ス

59.　If a partner assigns the whole or a part of his interest in the partnership to another person without the assent of the other partners, such assignment cannot be set up against the partnership.

第六十條　社員ハ他ノ社員ノ承諾アルニ非サレハ自己又ハ第三者ノ爲メニ會社ノ營業ノ部類ニ屬スル商行爲ヲ爲シ又ハ同種ノ營業ヲ目的トスル他ノ會社ノ無限責任社員ト爲ルコトヲ得ス

60.　Without the assent of the other partners no partner can, cither on his own account or on that of a third person, undertake commercial transactions in the same kind of business as that of the partnership or become a partner with unlimited liability in another company whose object is the same kind of business.

社員カ前項ノ規定ニ反シテ自己ノ爲メニ商行爲ヲ爲シタルトキハ他ノ社員ハ過半數ノ決議ニ依リ之ヲ以テ會社ノ爲メニ爲シタルモノト看做スコトヲ得

If a. partner in contravention of the foregoing provisions undertakes a commercial transaction for his own account, the other partners may by a majority vote decide that such transaction is to be considered as done on account of the partnership.

前項ニ定メタル權利ハ他ノ社員ノ一人カ其行爲ヲ知リタル時ヨリ二週間之ヲ行ハサルトキハ消滅ス行爲ノ時ヨリ一年ヲ經過シタルトキ亦同シ

This right ceases if it is not exercised within two weeks from the time when one of the other partners had notice of such transaction, or if a year has elapsed since the time of transaction.

第三節　會社ノ外部ノ關係

SECTION III. THE EXTERNAL RELATIONS OF THE PARTNERSHIP.

第六十一條　定款又ハ總社員ノ同意ヲ以テ特ニ會社ヲ代表スヘキ社員ヲ定メサルトキハ各社員會社ヲ代表ス

61.　Unless particular partners have been designated by the partnership contract or by the consent of all partners to represent the partnership, it is represented by each partner.

第六十二條　會社ヲ代表スヘキ社員ハ會社ノ營業ニ關スル一切ノ裁判上又ハ裁判外ノ行爲ヲ爲ス權限ヲ有ス

62.　Partners who arc to represent the partnership are authorized to do all acts in or out of court relating to the business of the partnership.

民法第四十四條第一項及ヒ第五十四條ノ規定ハ合名會社ニ之ヲ準用ス

The provisions of Arts. 44, 1 and 54 of the Civil Code apply correspondingly to ordinary partnerships.

第六十三條　會社財產ヲ以テ會社ノ債務ヲ完濟スルコト能ハサルトキハ各社員連帶シテ其辨濟ノ責ニ任ス

63.　When a partnership's obligations cannot be wholly satisfied out of the partnership property, all partners are jointly liable for their performance.

第六十四條　設立ノ後會社ニ加入シタル社員ハ其加入前ニ生シタル會社ノ債務ニ付テモ亦責任ヲ負フ

64.　A partner admitted to the partnership after its formation is liable also on all obligations incurred by the partnership before his admittance.

第六十五條　社員ニ非サル者ニ自己ヲ社員ナリト信セシムヘキ行爲アリタルトキハ其者ハ善意ノ第三者ニ對シテ社員ト同一ノ責任ヲ負フ

65.　If a person who is not a partner does an act which is calculated to produce the belief that he is a partner, he is liable as such to third persons acting in good faith.

第六十六條　社員ノ出資ノ減少ハ之ヲ以テ會社ノ債權者ニ對抗スルコトヲ得ス但本店ノ所在地ニ於テ其登記ヲ爲シタル後二年間債權者カ之ニ對シテ異議ヲ述ヘサリシトキハ此限ニ在ラス

66.　A reduction of the contribution of a partner cannot be set up against a creditor of the partnership ; except in case the reduction is not objected to by the creditor within two years from the time when it is registered at the principal office.

第六十七條　會社ハ損失ヲ塡補シタル後ニ非サレハ利益ノ配當ヲ爲スコトヲ得ス

67.　A partnership must not distribute any profits, until all losses have been made good.

前項ノ規定ニ違反シテ配當ヲ爲シタルトキハ會社ノ債權者ハ之ヲ返還セシムルコトヲ得

If a distribution is made in contravention of this provision, the creditors of the partnership may demand that the amount so distributed be refunded.

第四節　社員ノ退社

SECTION IV. TERMINATION OF A PARTNER'S MEMBERSHIP.

第六十八條　定款ヲ以テ會社ノ存立時期ヲ定メサリシトキ又ハ或社員ノ終身間會社ノ存續スヘキコトヲ定メタルトキハ各社員ハ營業年度ノ終ニ於テ退社ヲ爲スコトヲ得但六个月前ニ其豫吿ヲ爲スコトヲ要ス

68.　If the duration of the partnership is not fixed by the partnership contract, or if it is provided that the partnership shall continue for the life time of a partner, any partner may withdraw at the end of a business year, but he must give a six months' notice.

會社ノ存立時期ヲ定メタルト否トヲ問ハス已ムコトヲ得サル事由アルトキハ各社員ハ何時ニテモ退社ヲ爲スコトヲ得

Irrespective of whether the duration of the partnership has been fixed or not, a partner may at any time withdraw, if an unavoidable necessity exists for doing so.

第六十九條　前條ニ揭ケタル場合ノ外社員ハ左ノ事由ニ因リテ退社ス

69.　In addition to the cases mentioned in Art. 68, a partner's membership is terminated :--

一　定款ニ定メタル事由ノ發生

1.　By any cause specified in the partnership contract ;

二　總社員ノ同意

2.　By the consent of all the partners ;

三　死亡

3.　By his death ;

四　破產

4.　By his bankruptcy ;

五　禁治產

5.　By his being adjudged incompetent ;

六　除名

6.　By his expulsion.

第七十條　社員ノ除名ハ左ノ場合ニ限リ他ノ社員ノ一致ヲ以テ之ヲ爲スコトヲ得但除名シタル社員ニ其旨ヲ通知スルニ非サレハ之ヲ以テ其社員ニ對抗スルコトヲ得ス

70.　The expulsion of a partner can take place only in the following cases and by unanimous resolution of the other partners:--

一　社員カ出資ヲ爲スコト能ハサルトキ又ハ催吿ヲ受ケタル後相當ノ期間內ニ出資ヲ爲ササルトキ

1.　If he is not able to make his contribution, or if he does not make it within a reasonable time after being notified to do so ;

二　社員カ第六十條第一項ノ規定ニ違反シタルトキ

2.　If he acts contrary to the provisions of Art. 60, 1 ;

三　社員カ會社ノ業務ヲ執行シ又ハ會社ヲ代表スルニ當タリ會社ニ對シテ不正ノ行爲ヲ爲シタルトキ

3.　If he commits a dishonest act towards the partnership in the conduct of its affairs or in representing it ;

四　社員カ會社ノ業務ヲ執行スル權利ヲ有セサル場合ニ於テ其業務ノ執行ニ干與シタルトキ

4.　If without being entitled to conduct the affairs of the partnership he interferes with the conduct of its affairs ;

五　其他社員カ重要ナル義務ヲ盡ササルトキ

5.　If in any other respect he neglects to perform an essential duty, The expulsion can be set up against the partner only after notice thereof has been given to him.

第七十一條　退社員ハ勞務又ハ信用ヲ以テ出資ノ目的ト爲シタルトキト雖モ其持分ノ拂戾ヲ受クルコトヲ得但定款ニ別段ノ定アルトキハ此限ニ在ラス

71.　When the membership of a partner terminates, he is entitled to repayment of his interest, even though his contribution consisted in personal services or credit, unless it be otherwise determined by the partnership contract.

第七十二條　會社ノ商號中ニ退社員ノ氏又ハ氏名ヲ用井タルトキハ退社員ハ其氏又ハ氏名ノ使用ヲ止ムヘキコトヲ請求スルコトヲ得

72.　If the family name or full name of a partner whose membership has terminated, is used in the trade name, he is entitled to demand the discontinuance of such use.

第七十三條　退社員ハ本店ノ所在地ニ於テ退社ノ登記ヲ爲ス前ニ生シタル會社ノ債務ニ付キ責任ヲ負フ此責任ハ其登記後二年ヲ經過シタルトキハ消滅ス

73.　A partner whose membership has terminated continues liable on all the obligations of the partnership incurred before the termination of his membership has been registered at the place of the principal office. This liability is extinguished after two years from the time of -such registration.

前項ノ規定ハ他ノ社員ノ承諾ヲ得テ持分ヲ讓渡シタル社員ニ之ヲ準用ス

The provisions of the foregoing paragraph apply correspondingly to a partner who has assigned his interest in the partnership with the assent of the other partners.

第五節　解散

SECTION V. DISSOLUTION.

第七十四條　會社ハ左ノ事由ニ因リテ解散ス

74.　A partnership is dissolved :--

一　存立時期ノ滿了其他定款ニ定メタル事由ノ發生

1.　By the expiration of the time for which it was formed, or by any cause specified in the partnership contract ;

二　會社ノ目的タル事業ノ成功又ハ其成功ノ不能

2.　If the business forming the object of the partnership has been completely accomplished, or if its accomplishment is impossible :

三　總社員ノ同意

3.　By the consent of all the partners ;

四　會社ノ合併

4.　By the consolidation of the partnership ;

五　社員カ一人ト爲リタルコト

5.　If only one partner remains ;

六　會社ノ破產

6.　By the bankruptcy of the partnership :

七　裁判所ノ命令

7.　By order of the court.

第七十五條　前條第一號ノ場合ニ於テハ社員ノ全部又ハ一部ノ同意ヲ以テ會社ヲ繼續スルコトヲ得但同意ヲ爲ササリシ社員ハ退社ヲ爲シタルモノト看做ス

75.　In the case specified in Art. 74, No. 1 the partnership may be continued by the consent of all or of a part of the partners. As to such partners as do not consent, it is deemed that they have withdrawn.

第七十六條　會社カ解散シタルトキハ合併及ヒ破產ノ場合ヲ除ク外二週間內ニ本店及ヒ支店ノ所在地ニ於テ其登記ヲ爲スコトヲ要ス

76.　Except in the case of consolidation and of bankruptcy, the dissolution of a partnership must be registered at the place of the principal office and of each branch office within two weeks.

第七十七條　會社ノ合併ハ總社員ノ同意ヲ以テ之ヲ爲スコトヲ得

77.　The consolidation of a partnership can take place by the consent of all the partners.

第七十八條　會社カ合併ノ決議ヲ爲シタルトキハ其決議ノ日ヨリ二週間內ニ財產目錄及ヒ貸借對照表ヲ作ルコトヲ要ス

78.　When the partnership has passed a resolution for consolidation, it must within two weeks from the day of such resolution make an inventory and a balance-sheet.

會社ハ前項ノ期間內ニ其債權者ニ對シ異議アラハ一定ノ期間內ニ之ヲ述フヘキ旨ヲ公吿シ且知レタル債權者ニハ各別ニ之ヲ催吿スルコトヲ要ス但其期間ハ二个月ヲ下ルコトヲ得ス

The partnership must within the aforesaid period issue a public notice to its creditors to present their objections, if they have any, within a fixed time, and creditors known to the partnership must be specially notified. The time fixed must not be less than two months.

第七十九條　債權者カ前條第二項ノ期間內ニ會社ノ合併ニ對シテ異議ヲ述ヘサリシトキハ之ヲ承認シタルモノト看做ス

79.　A creditor who does not present any objection against the consolidation of the partnership within the time fixed in Art. 78, 2 is deemed to consent thereto.

債權者カ異議ヲ述ヘタルトキハ會社ハ之ニ辨濟ヲ爲シ又ハ相當ノ擔保ヲ供スルニ非サレハ合併ヲ爲スコトヲ得ス

If a creditor presents an objection, consolidation can only take place if the partnership makes performance to him or gives him proper security.

前項ノ規定ニ反シテ合併ヲ爲シタルトキハ之ヲ以テ異議ヲ述ヘタル債權者ニ對抗スルコトヲ得ス

A consolidation made in contravention to the foregoing paragraph cannot be set up against any creditor by whom objection has been made.

第八十條　會社カ第七十八條第二項ニ定メタル公吿ヲ爲サスシテ合併ヲ爲シタルトキハ其合併ハ之ヲ以テ其債權者ニ對抗スルコトヲ得ス

80.　A consolidation which is made without a public notice as prescribed in Art. 78, 2 being issued, cannot be set up against the creditors of the partnership.

會社カ知レタル債權者ニ催吿ヲ爲サスシテ合併ヲ爲シタルトキハ其合併ハ之ヲ以テ其催吿ヲ受ケサリシ債權者ニ對抗スルコトヲ得ス

If consolidation is made without notification being given to a creditor known to the partnership, it cannot be set up against such creditor.

第八十一條　會社カ合併ヲ爲シタルトキハ二週間內ニ本店及ヒ支店ノ所在地ニ於テ合併後存續スル會社ニ付テハ變更ノ登記ヲ爲シ、合併ニ因リテ消滅シタル會社ニ付テハ解散ノ登記ヲ爲シ、合併ニ因リテ設立シタル會社ニ付テハ第五十一條第一項ニ定メタル登記ヲ爲スコトヲ要ス

81.　When consolidation has been made, there must be made in the place of the principal office and of each branch office within two weeks a registration of the alteration in respect to the partnership which continues in existence after the consolidation, a registration of the dissolution in respect to the partnership which is extinguished by the consolidation, and a registration as prescribed in Art. 51, 1 in respect to the partnership which is created by the consolidation.

第八十二條　合併後存續スル會社又ハ合併ニ因リテ設立シタル會社ハ合併ニ因リテ消滅シタル會社ノ權利義務ヲ承繼ス

82.　The partnership continuing after the consolidation or created by it, succeeds to the the rights and duties of the partnership which has been extinguished by consolidation.

第八十三條　已ムコトヲ得サル事由アルトキハ各社員ハ會社ノ解散ヲ裁判所ニ請求スルコトヲ得但裁判所ハ社員ノ請求ニ因リ會社ノ解散ニ代ヘテ或社員ヲ除名スルコトヲ得

83.　Any partner may apply to the court for the dissolution of the partnership, if an unavoidable necessity exists for it. The court, however, may in such case on the application of a partner in lieu of dissolution expel individual partners.

第六節　淸算

SECTION VI. LIQUIDATION.

第八十四條　會社ハ解散ノ後ト雖モ淸算ノ目的ノ範圍內ニ於テハ尙ホ存續スルモノト看做ス

84.　Even after dissolution a partnership is deemed to continue in existence so far as necessary for the purposes of liquidation.

第八十五條　解散ノ場合ニ於ケル會社財產ノ處分方法ハ定款又ハ總社員ノ同意ヲ以テ之ヲ定ムルコトヲ得此場合ニ於テハ解散ノ日ヨリ二週間內ニ財產目錄及ヒ貸借對照表ヲ作ルコトヲ要ス

85.　The manner of disposing of the property of a dissolved partnership may be determined by the partnership contract or by the consent of all the partners. In such case an inventory and a balance-sheet must be made within two weeks from the day of dissolution.

第七十八條第二項、第七十九條及ヒ第八十條ノ規定ハ前項ノ場合ニ之ヲ準用ス

In the foregoing case the provisions of Arts. 78, 2, 79 and 80 apply correspondingly.

第八十六條　前條ノ規定ニ依リテ會社財產ノ處分方法ヲ定メサリシトキハ合併及ヒ破產ノ場合ヲ除ク外後十三條ノ規定ニ從ヒテ淸算ヲ爲スコトヲ要ス

86.　If the manner of disposing of the property of the partnership is not determined in the way provided in the preceding article, liquidation, except in the case of consolidation or bankruptcy, must take place in compliance with the provisions of the following thirteen articles.

第八十七條　淸算ハ總社員又ハ其選任シタル者ニ於テ之ヲ爲ス

87.　Liquidation is carried on by all the partners or by persons appointed by them.

淸算人ノ選任ハ社員ノ過半數ヲ以テ之ヲ決ス

The appointment of liquidators is decided by a majority vote of the partners.

第八十八條　第七十四條第五號ノ場合ニ於テハ裁判所ハ利害關係人ノ請求ニ因リ淸算人ヲ選任ス

88.　In the case mentioned in Art. 74, No. 5 the liquidators are appointed by the court on the application of any person interested.

第八十九條　會社カ裁判所ノ命令ニ因リテ解散シタルトキハ裁判所ハ利害關係人又ハ檢事ノ請求ニ因リ淸算人ヲ選任ス

89.　If the dissolution of a partnership has taken place by order of the court, liquidators are appointed by the court on the application of any person interested or of the public procurator.

第九十條　淸算人ノ選任アリタルトキハ其淸算人ハ二週間內ニ本店及ヒ支店ノ所在地ニ於テ自己ノ氏名、住所ヲ登記スルコトヲ要ス

90.　When liquidators have been appointed, they must register their names and domiciles at the place of the principal office and of each branch office within two weeks.

第九十一條　淸算人ノ職務左ノ如シ

91.　The duties of the liquidators arc as follows :--

一　現務ノ結了

1.　To wind up the pending business ;

二　債權ノ取立及ヒ債務ノ辨濟

2.　To collect obligations existing in favour of the partnership and perform obligations due from it ;

三　殘餘財產ノ分配

3.　To distribute its remaining property.

淸算人ハ前項ノ職務ヲ行フ爲メニ必要ナル一切ノ裁判上又ハ裁判外ノ行爲ヲ爲ス權限ヲ有ス

The liquidators have power to do all acts in and out of court necessary for the performance of the duties mentioned in the foregoing paragraph.

淸算人ノ代理權ニ加ヘタル制限ハ之ヲ以テ善意ノ第三者ニ對抗スルコトヲ得ス

Any restriction upon the powers of representation of the liquidators cannot be set up against third persons acting in good faith.

民法第八十一條ノ規定ハ合名會社ノ淸算ノ場合ニ之ヲ準用ス

The provisions of Art. 81 of the Civil Code apply correspondingly in the case of the liquidation of ordinary partnerships.

第九十二條　會社ニ現存スル財產カ其債務ヲ完濟スルニ不足ナルトキハ淸算人ハ辨濟期ニ拘ハラス社員ヲシテ出資ヲ爲サシムルコトヲ得

92.　When the presently available property of the partnership is insufficient to fully meet its obligations, the liquidators may require the partners to make their contributions irrespective of the time of maturity.

第九十三條　淸算人數人アルトキハ淸算ニ關スル行爲ハ其過半數ヲ以テ之ヲ決ス但第三者ニ對シテハ各自會社ヲ代表ス

93.　If there is more than one liquidator, acts relating to the liquidation are decided upon by a majority vote. As to third persons, however, the partnership is represented by each individual liquidator.

第九十四條　淸算人ハ就職ノ後遲滯ナク會社財產ノ現況ヲ調査シ財產目錄及ヒ貸借對照表ヲ作リ之ヲ社員ニ交付スルコトヲ要ス

94.　After the liquidators have assumed their functions, they must without delay examine the actual condition of the partnership property, make an inventory and a balancesheet and communicate them to the partners.

淸算人ハ社員ノ請求ニ因リ每月淸算ノ狀況ヲ報吿スルコトヲ要ス

If requested by the partners, the liquidators must make a monthly report as to the actual state of the liquidation.

第九十五條　淸算人ハ會社ノ債務ヲ辨濟シタル後ニ非サレハ會社財產ヲ社員ニ分配スルコトヲ得ス

95.　The liquidators can distribute the partnership property among the partners only after all the obligations of the partnership have been performed.

第九十六條　社員カ選任シタル淸算人ハ何時ニテモ之ヲ解任スルコトヲ得此解任ハ社員ノ過半數ヲ以テ之ヲ決ス

96.　Liquidators who have been appointed by the partners may be removed at any time. The removal is decided upon by a majority vote of the partners.

重要ナル事由アルトキハ裁判所ハ利害關係人ノ請求ニ因リ淸算人ヲ解任スルコトヲ得

For an important cause, the court may remove a liquidator upon the application of any person interested.

第九十七條　淸算人ノ解任又ハ變更ハ二週間內ニ本店及ヒ支店ノ所在地ニ於テ之ヲ登記スルコトヲ要ス

97.　A removal or change of a liquidator must be registered at the place of the principal office and of each branch office within two weeks.

第九十八條　淸算人ノ任務カ終了シタルトキハ淸算人ハ遲滯ナク計算ヲ爲シテ各社員ノ承認ヲ求ムルコトヲ要ス

98.　When the functions of the liquidators come to an end, they must without delay render an account and submit it for approval to each partner.

前項ノ計算ニ對シ社員カ一个月內ニ異議ヲ述ヘサリシトキハ之ヲ承認シタルモノト看做ス但淸算人ニ不正ノ行爲アリタルトキハ此限ニ在ラス

If a partner does not object to the account within one month, he is deemed to have approved it. This, however, does not apply, so far as the liquidators have acted in a dishonest way.

第九十九條　淸算カ結了シタルトキハ淸算人ハ遲滯ナク本店及ヒ支店ノ所在地ニ於テ其登記ヲ爲スコトヲ要ス

99.　At the end of the liquidation the liquidators must register that fact without delay at the place of the principal office and of each branch office.

第百條　會社カ事業ニ著手シタル後其設立カ取消サレタルトキハ解散ノ場合ニ準シテ淸算ヲ爲スコトヲ要ス此場合ニ於テハ裁判所ハ利害關係人ノ請求ニ因リ淸算人ヲ選任ス

100.　When the formation of a partnership is rescinded after it has already commenced business, liquidation must take place as in the case of dissolution. In such case liquidators arc appointed by the court on the application of any person interested.

第百一條　會社ノ帳簿、其營業ニ關スル信書及ヒ淸算ニ關スル一切ノ書類ハ第八十五條ノ場合ニ在リテハ本店ノ所在地ニ於テ解散ノ登記ヲ爲シタル後其他ノ場合ニ在リテハ淸算結了ノ登記ヲ爲シタル後十年間之ヲ保存スルコトヲ要ス其保存者ハ社員ノ過半數ヲ以テ之ヲ定ム

101.　The books of the partnership, its business correspondence and all papers relating to the liquidation must be preserved for a period of ten years, which period is computed in the case mentioned in Art. 85 from the time when the dissolution, in other cases from the time when the ending of the liquidation is registered at the place of the principal office. The custodian is appointed by a majority vote of the partners.

第百二條　社員カ死亡シタル場合ニ於テ其相續人數人アルトキハ淸算ニ關シテ社員ノ權利ヲ行フヘキ者一人ヲ定ムルコトヲ要ス

102.　If a partner dies leaving several heirs, they must appoint one person for the exercising of the rights of the partner relating to the liquidation.

第百三條　第六十三條ニ定メタル社員ノ責任ハ本店ノ所在地ニ於テ解散ノ登記ヲ爲シタル後五年ヲ經過シタルトキハ消滅ス

103.　The liability of the partners specified in Art. 63 is extinguished after five years from the registration of the dissolution of the partnership at the place of the principal office.

前項ノ期間經過ノ後ト雖モ分配セサル殘餘財產尙ホ存スルトキハ會社ノ債權者ハ之ニ對シテ辨濟ヲ請求スルコトヲ得

Even after the expiration of the aforementioned period, the creditors of the partnership may demand performance out of property which yet has remained undistributed.

第三章　合資會社

CHAPTER III. LIMITED PARTNERSHIPS.

第百四條　合資會社ハ有限責任社員ト無限責任社員トヲ以テ之ヲ組織ス

104.　A limited partnership consists of partners with limited liability and partners with unlimited liability.

第百五條　合資會社ニハ本章ニ別段ノ定アル場合ヲ除ク外合名會社ニ關スル規定ヲ準用ス

105.　Except as otherwise provided in this chapter, the provisions relating to ordinary partnerships apply correspondingly to limited partnerships.

第百六條　合資會社ノ定款ニハ第五十條ニ揭ケタル事項ノ外各社員ノ責任ノ有限又ハ無限ナルコトヲ記載スルコトヲ要ス

106.　The partnership contract of a limited partnership must in addition to the particulars specified in Art. 50 contain a statement of whether the liability of each partner is limited or unlimited.

第百七條　會社ハ定款ヲ作リタル日ヨリ二週間內ニ其本店及ヒ支店ノ所在地ニ於テ第五十一條第一項ニ揭ケタル事項ノ外各社員ノ責任ノ有限又ハ無限ナルコトヲ登記スルコトヲ要ス

107.　A limited partnership must within two weeks from the time of the making of the partnership contract register, at the place of its principal office and of each branch office, in addition to the particulars specified in Art. 51, 1, a statement of whether the liability of each partner is limited or unlimited.

第百八條　有限責任社員ハ金錢其他ノ財產ノミヲ以テ其出資ノ目的ト爲スコトヲ得

108.　The contribution of a partner with limited liability can be only in money or other property.

第百九條　各無限責任社員ハ定款ニ別段ノ定ナキトキハ會社ノ業務ヲ執行スル權利ヲ有シ義務ヲ負フ

109.　Unless the partnership contract contains a different provision, each partner with unlimited liability has the right, and it is his duty, to conduct the affairs of the partnership.

無限責任社員數人アルトキハ會社ノ業務執行ハ其過半數ヲ以テ之ヲ決ス

If there are two or more partners with unlimited liability, the conduct of the affairs of the partnership is decided upon by a majority vote.

第百十條　支配人ノ選任及ヒ解任ハ特ニ業務執行社員ヲ定メタルトキト雖モ無限責任社員ノ過半數ヲ以テ之ヲ決ス

110.　The appointment and the dismissal of a procurator must be decided upon by a majority vote of the partners with unlimited liability, even though there arc special partners appointed for the conduct of the affairs of the partnership.

第百十一條　有限責任社員ハ營業年度ノ終ニ於テ營業時間內ニ限リ會社ノ財產目錄及ヒ貸借對照表ノ閱覽ヲ求メ且會社ノ業務及ヒ會社財產ノ狀況ヲ檢査スルコトヲ得

111.　A partner with limited liability may at the end of a business year during business hours inspect the inventory and the balance-sheet of the partnership and inquire into its affairs and the state of its property.

重要ナル事由アルトキハ裁判所ハ有限責任社員ノ請求ニ因リ何時ニテモ會社ノ業務及ヒ會社財產ノ狀況ノ檢査ヲ許スコトヲ得

For any important cause the court may upon the application of a partner with limited liability empower him to inquire at any time into the affairs of the partnership and the state of the partnership property.

第百十二條　有限責任社員ハ無限責任社員全員ノ承諾アルトキハ其持分ノ全部又ハ一部ヲ他人ニ讓渡スコトヲ得

112.　With the assent of all the partners with unlimited liability, a partner with limited liability may dispose of the whole or a part of his interest in the partnership.

第百十三條　有限責任社員ハ自己又ハ第三者ノ爲メニ會社ノ營業ノ部類ニ屬スル商行爲ヲ爲シ又ハ同種ノ營業ヲ目的トスル他ノ會社ノ無限責任社員ト爲ルコトヲ得

113.　A partner with limited liability may on his own account as well as on that of a third person undertake commercial transactions falling under the kind of business carried on by the partnership, or he may become a member with unlimited liability in another commercial company carrying on the same kind of business.

第百十四條　定款又ハ總社員ノ同意ヲ以テ特ニ會社ヲ代表スヘキ無限責任社員ヲ定メサルトキハ各無限責任社員會社ヲ代表ス

114.　Unless by the partnership contract or by the consent of all the partners particular partners with unlimited liability are designated to represent the partnership, each of the partners with unlimited liability is entitled to represent it.

第百十五條　有限責任社員ハ會社ノ業務ヲ執行シ又ハ會社ヲ代表スルコトヲ得ス

115.　A partner with limited liability cannot conduct the affairs of the partnership or represent it.

第百十六條　有限責任社員ニ自己ヲ無限責任社員ナリト信セシムヘキ行爲アリタルトキハ其社員ハ善意ノ第三者ニ對シテ無限責任社員ト同一ノ責任ヲ負フ

116.　If a partner with limited liability docs an act calculated to produce the belief that he is a partner with unlimited liability, he is liable as such to third persons acting in good faith.

第百十七條　有限責任社員カ死亡シタルトキハ其相續人之ニ代ハリテ社員ト爲ル

117.　If a partner with limited liability dies, his heir becomes partner in his place.

有限責任社員ハ禁治產ノ宣吿ヲ受クルモ之ニ因リテ退社セス

If a partner with limited liability is. adjudged incompetent, his membership does not terminate thereby.

第百十八條　合資會社ハ無限責任社員又ハ有限責任社員ノ全員カ退社シタルトキハ解散ス但有限責任社員ノ全員カ退社シタル場合ニ於テ無限責任社員ノ一致ヲ以テ合名會社トシテ會社ヲ繼續スルコトヲ妨ケス

118.　A limited partnership is dissolved, if the membership of all the partners with unlimited liability or of all the partners with limited liability is terminated. If, however, the membership of all the partners with limited liability is terminated, the partners with unlimited liability may by a unanimous resolution determine that the partnership shall be continued as an ordinary partnership.

前項但書ノ場合ニ於テハ二週間內ニ本店及ヒ支店ノ所在地ニ於テ合資會社ニ付テハ解散ノ登記ヲ爲シ合名會社ニ付テハ第五十一條第一項ニ定メタル登記ヲ爲スコトヲ要ス

In the case of the aforesaid proviso there must be made at the place of the principal office and of each branch office within two weeks a registration of dissolution in respect to the limited partnership, and the registration as prescribed in Art. 51. 1 in respect to the ordinary partnership.

第四章　株式會社

CHAPTER IV. JOINT STOCK COMPANIES.

第一節　設立

SECTION I. FORMATION.

第百十九條　株式會社ノ設立ニハ七人以上ノ發起人アルコトヲ要ス

119.　For the formation of a joint stock company at least seven promoters are required.

第百二十條　發起人ハ定款ヲ作リ之ニ左ノ事項ヲ記載シテ署名スルコトヲ要ス

120.　The promoters must make and sign a company contract, which must contain the following particulars :

一　目的

1.　The object ;

二　商號

2.　The trade name ;

三　資本ノ總額

3.　The total amount of the capital ;

四　一株ノ金額

4.　The amount of each share ;

五　取締役カ有スヘキ株式ノ數

5.　The number of shares which the directors must hold ;

六　本店及ヒ支店ノ所在地

6.　The place of the principal office and of each branch office ;

七　會社カ公吿ヲ爲ス方法

7.　The manner in which the public notifications of the company are made ;

八　發起人ノ氏名、住所

8.　The names and domiciles of the promoters.

第百二十一條　前條第五號乃至第七號ニ揭ケタル事項ヲ定款ニ記載セサリシトキハ創立總會又ハ株主總會ニ於テ之ヲ補足スルコトヲ得

121.　If the particulars mentioned in Art. 120, Nos. 5-7 arc not inserted in the company contract, such omission may be supplied at the general meeting for organization or at a general meeting of the shareholders.

前項ノ株主總會ノ決議ハ第二百九條ノ規定ニ從ヒテ之ヲ爲スコトヲ要ス

The resolution of the general meeting of shareholders above mentioned must be made in compliance with the provisions of Art. 209.

第百二十二條　左ニ揭ケタル事項ヲ定メタルトキハ之ヲ定款ニ記載スルニ非サレハ其效ナシ

122.　In case any determination is made as to the following particulars, it is valid only if inserted in the company contract, namely:--

一　存立時期又ハ解散ノ事由

1.　The time of the duration or the causes for dissolution ;

二　株式ノ額面以上ノ發行

2.　The issue of shares above the face value ;

三　發起人カ受クヘキ特別ノ利益及ヒ之ヲ受クヘキ者ノ氏名

3.　Any special benefits to be granted to promoters, and the names of such persons ;

四　金錢以外ノ財產ヲ以テ出資ノ目的ト爲ス者ノ氏名、其財產ノ種類、價格及ヒ之ニ對シテ與フル株式ノ數

4.　The names of those persons whose contributions consist in property other than money, the nature and value of such property and the number of shares given in exchange ;

五　會社ノ負擔ニ歸スヘキ設立費用及ヒ發起人カ受クヘキ報酬ノ額

5.　Expenses of formation to be borne by the company, and the amount of compensation to be given to the promoters.

第百二十三條　發起人カ株式ノ總數ヲ引受ケタルトキハ會社ハ之ニ因リテ成立ス此場合ニ於テハ發起人ハ遲滯ナク株金ノ四分ノ一ヲ下ラサル第一囘ノ拂込ヲ爲シ且取締役及ヒ監査役ヲ選任スルコトヲ要ス此選任ハ發起人ノ議決權ノ過半數ヲ以テ之ヲ決ス

123.　If all the shares have been taken by the promoters, the company comes into existence thereby. In such case the promoters must without delay make the first payment, which shall not be less than one quarter of the amount of the shares, and must appoint the directors and inspectors. Such appointment is decided upon by a majority vote of the promoters.

第百二十四條　取締役ハ其選任後遲滯ナク第百二十二條第三號乃至第五號ニ揭ケタル事項及ヒ第一囘ノ拂込ヲ爲シタルヤ否ヤヲ調査セシムル爲メ檢査役ノ選任ヲ裁判所ニ請求スルコトヲ要ス

124.　After the directors have been appointed, they must without delay make an application to the court for the appointment of an examiner, in order that the latter may inquire into the matters mentioned in Art. 122, Nos. 3-5, and whether the first payment has been made.

裁判所ハ檢査役ノ報吿ヲ聽キ第百三十五條ノ規定ニ準據シテ相當ノ處分ヲ爲スコトヲ得

The court on hearing the report of the examiner may make any proper disposition, following correspondingly the provisions of Art. 135.

第百二十五條　發起人カ株式ノ總數ヲ引受ケサルトキハ株主ヲ募集スルコトヲ要ス

125.　If the promoters do not take all the shares, they must invite subscriptions.

第百二十六條　株式ノ申込ヲ爲サントスル者ハ株式申込證二通ニ其引受クヘキ株式ノ數ヲ記載シ之ニ署名スルコトヲ要ス

126.　A person who intends to subscribe for shares must insert in two copies of the instrument of subscription the number of shares to be taken by him, and must add his signature.

株式申込證ハ發起人之ヲ作リ之ニ左ノ事項ヲ記載スルコトヲ要ス

Instruments of subscription must be made up by the promoters, and must contain the following particulars :--

一　定款作成ノ年月日

1.　The date of the making of the company contract ;

二　第百二十條及ヒ第百二十二條ニ揭ケタル事項

2.　The particulars specified in Arts. 120 and 122 ;

三　各發起人カ引受ケタル株式ノ數

3.　The number of shares taken by each promoter ;

四　第一囘拂込ノ金額

4.　The amount of the first payment.

額面以上ノ價額ヲ以テ株式ヲ發行スル場合ニ於テハ株式申込人ハ株式申込證ニ引受價額ヲ記載スルコトヲ要ス

If shares are issued above the face value, the subscriber must insert in the instrument of subscription the value for which the shares are taken.

第百二十七條　株式ノ申込ヲ爲シタル者ハ其引受クヘキ株式ノ數ニ應シテ拂込ヲ爲ス義務ヲ負フ

127.　A person who has subscribed for shares is bound to make payment in accordance with the number of shares to be taken by him.

第百二十八條　株式發行ノ價額ハ券面額ヲ下ルコトヲ得ス

128.　The value for which the shares are issued must not be less than the face value.

第一囘拂込ノ金額ハ株金ノ四分ノ一ヲ下ルコトヲ得ス

The amount of the first payment must not be less than one quarter of the amount of the shares.

第百二十九條　株式總數ノ引受アリタルトキハ發起人ハ遲滯ナク各株ニ付キ第一囘ノ拂込ヲ爲サシムルコトヲ要ス

129.　When all the shares have been taken, the promoters must without delay cause the first payment to be made upon each share.

額面以上ノ價額ヲ以テ株式ヲ發行シタルトキハ其額面ヲ超ユル金額ハ第一囘ノ拂込ト同時ニ之ヲ拂込マシムルコトヲ要ス

When shares are issued above the face value, the promoters must cause the excess amount to be paid together with the first payment.

第百三十條　株式引受人カ前條ノ拂込ヲ爲ササルトキハ發起人ハ一定ノ期間內ニ其拂込ヲ爲スヘキ旨及ヒ其期間內ニ之ヲ爲ササルトキハ其權利ヲ失フヘキ旨ヲ其株式引受人ニ通知スルコトヲ得但其期間ハ二週間ヲ下ルコトヲ得ス

130.　If a person who has taken shares docs not make the payment provided for in the preceding article, the promoters may notify him that he must pay within a fixed time, which must not be less than two weeks, and that he will lose his rights, if he does not pay within that time.

發起人カ前項ノ通知ヲ爲シタルモ株式引受人カ拂込ヲ爲ササルトキハ其權利ヲ失フ此場合ニ於テ發起人ハ其者カ引受ケタル株式ニ付キ更ニ株主ヲ募集スルコトヲ得

If such person does not pay after having received such notification, he loses his rights, and the promoters may again invite subscriptions for the shares taken by him.

前二項ノ規定ハ株式引受人ニ對スル損害賠償ノ請求ヲ妨ケス

By the provisions of the foregoing two paragraphs the right of claiming damages against the person who has taken shares is not affected.

第百三十一條　各株ニ付キ第百二十九條ノ拂込アリタルトキハ發起人ハ遲滯ナク創立總會ヲ招集スルコトヲ要ス

131.　When payment upon all the shares as provided in Art. 129 has been made, the promoters must without delay call the general meeting for organization.

創立總會ニハ株式引受人ノ半數以上ニシテ資本ノ半額以上ヲ引受ケタル者出席シ其議決權ノ過半數ヲ以テ一切ノ決議ヲ爲ス

In the meeting for organization all resolutions must be passed by a majority vote of those present, who must be at least half in number and value of the persons who have taken shares.

第百五十六條第一項、第二項及ヒ第百六十一條第三項、第四項、第百六十二條及ヒ第百六十三條第一項、第二項ノ規定ハ創立總會ニ之ヲ準用ス

The provisions of Arts. 156, 1 and 2, 161,3 and 4, 162 and 163, 1 and 2 apply correspondingly to the general meeting for organization.

第百三十二條　發起人ハ會社ノ創立ニ關スル事項ヲ創立總會ニ報吿スルコトヲ要ス

132.　The promoters must make a report to the general meeting for organization on all facts relating to the organization of the company.

第百三十三條　創立總會ニ於テハ取締役及ヒ監査役ヲ選任スルコトヲ要ス

133.　In the general meeting for organization directors and inspectors must be appointed.

第百三十四條　取締役及ヒ監査役ハ左ニ揭ケタル事項ヲ調査シ之ヲ創立總會ニ報吿スルコトヲ要ス

134.　Directors and inspectors must inquire into the following particulars, and report thereon to the general meeting for organization, namely :--

一　株式總數ノ引受アリタルヤ否ヤ

1.　Whether the whole number of shares have been taken ;

二　各株ニ付キ第百二十九條ノ拂込アリタルヤ否ヤ

2.　Whether on each share the payment provided for in Art. 129 has been made ;

三　第百二十二條第三號乃至第五號ニ揭ケタル事項ノ正當ナルヤ否ヤ

3.　Whether the matters specified in Art. 122, Nos. 3-5 are proper.

取締役又ハ監査役中發起人ヨリ選任セラレタル者アルトキハ創立總會ハ特ニ檢査役ヲ選任シ其者ニ代ハリテ前項ノ調査及ヒ報吿ヲ爲サシムルコトヲ得

If directors or inspectors have been appointed from among the promoters, the general meeting for organization may appoint special examiners to inquire into and report upon the matters above mentioned in place of the said directors and inspectors.

第百三十五條　創立總會ニ於テ第百二十二條第三號乃至第五號ニ揭ケタル事項ヲ不當ト認メタルトキハ之ヲ變更スルコトヲ得但金錢以外ノ財產ヲ以テ出資ノ目的ト爲ス者アル場合ニ於テ之ニ對シテ與フル株式ノ數ヲ減シタルトキハ其者ハ金錢ヲ以テ拂込ヲ爲スコトヲ得

135.　If it appears in the general meeting for organization that the matters specified in Art. 122, Nos. 3-5 are not proper, they may be altered ; but if in the case of a person whose contribution is to be made in property other than money, the number of the shares to be granted therefor is diminished, he may make payment in money.

第百三十六條　引受ナキ株式又ハ第百二十九條ノ拂込ノ未濟ナル株式アルトキハ發起人ハ連帶シテ其株式ヲ引受ケ又ハ其拂込ヲ爲ス義務ヲ負フ株式ノ申込カ取消サレタルトキ亦同シ

136.　If there are shares which have not been taken, or upon which the payment provided for in Art. 129 has not been fully made, the promoters arc jointly bound to take such shares or to make such payment. The same applies, if subscriptions for shares arc rescinded.

第百三十七條　前二條ノ規定ハ發起人ニ對スル損害賠償ノ請求ヲ妨ケス

137.　The provisions of the preceding two articles do not affect the right of claiming damages against the promoters.

第百三十八條　創立總會ニ於テハ定款ノ變更又ハ設立ノ廢止ノ決議ヲモ爲スコトヲ得

138.　In the general meeting for organization a resolution may be passed to alter the company contract or to abandon the formation of the company.

第百三十九條　發起人カ株式ノ總數ヲ引受ケサリシトキハ會社ハ創立總會ノ終結ニ因リテ成立ス

139.　In the case where the promoters have not taken all the shares, the company comes into existence upon the ending of the general meeting for organization.

第百四十條　株式總數ノ引受アリタル後一年內ニ第百二十九條ノ拂込カ終ハラサルトキ又ハ其拂込カ終ハリタル後六个月內ニ發起人カ創立總會ヲ招集セサルトキハ株式引受人ハ其申込ヲ取消シ拂込ミタル金額ノ返還ヲ請求スルコトヲ得

140.　If the payment provided for in Art. 129 is not completely made within one year after all the shares have been taken, or if the promoters do not call the general meeting for organization within six months after such payment has been completely made, any person who has taken shares may rescind his subscription and demand that any amount already paid by him be refunded.

第百四十一條　會社ハ發起人カ株式ノ總數ヲ引受ケタルトキハ第百二十四條ニ定メタル調査終了ノ日ヨリ又發起人カ株式ノ總數ヲ引受ケサリシトキハ創立總會終結ノ日ヨリ二週間內ニ其本店及ヒ支店ノ所在地ニ於テ左ノ事項ヲ登記スルコトヲ要ス

141.　A company must register within two weeks in the place of its principal office and of each branch office the following particulars :--

一　第百二十條第一號乃至第四號及ヒ第七號ニ揭ケタル事項

1.　Those specified in Art. 120, Nos. 1-4 and 7 ;

二　本店及ヒ支店

2.　The principal office and each branch office ;

三　設立ノ年月日

3.　The date of formation ;

四　存立時期又ハ解散ノ事由ヲ定メタルトキハ其時期又ハ事由

4.　If the term of duration or causes for dissolution are fixed, such term or causes ;

五　各株ニ付キ拂込ミタル株金額

5.　The amount paid upon each share ;

六　開業前ニ利息ヲ配當スヘキコトヲ定メタルトキハ其利率

6.　If it has been determined that interest shall be paid before the commencement of business, the rate of interest ;

七　取締役及ヒ監査役ノ氏名、住所

7.　The names and domiciles of the directors and inspectors. The period of two weeks above mentioned begins, in case the promoters have taken all the shares, from the day when the examination provided for in Art. 124 is finished, and in case the promoters have not taken all the shares, from the day when the general meeting for organization is ended.

第五十一條第二項、第三項、第五十二條及ヒ第五十三條ノ規定ハ株式會社ニ之ヲ準用ス

The provisions of Arts. 51, 2 and 3, 52 and 53 apply correspondingly to joint stock companies.

第百四十二條　會社カ前條第一項ノ規定ニ從ヒ本店ノ所在地ニ於テ登記ヲ爲シタル後ハ株式引受人ハ詐欺又ハ强迫ニ因リテ其申込ヲ取消スコトヲ得ス

142.　After registration as provided in Art. 141, 1 has been made at the place of the principal office, a person who has taken shares can no longer rescind his subscription on the ground of fraud or coercion.

第二節　株式

SECTION II. SHARES.

第百四十三條　株式會社ノ資本ハ之ヲ株式ニ分ツコトヲ要ス

143.　The capital of a joint stock company must be divided into shares.

第百四十四條　株主ノ責任ハ其引受ケ又ハ讓受ケタル株式ノ金額ヲ限度トス

144.　The liability of a shareholder is limited to the amount of shares taken or acquired by him.

株主ハ株金ノ拂込ニ付キ相殺ヲ以テ會社ニ對抗スルコトヲ得ス

A shareholder cannot avail himself of a set off against the company as to payments on shares.

第百四十五條　株式ノ金額ハ均一ナルコトヲ要ス

145.　The amount of all the shares must be equal.

株式ノ金額ハ五十圓ヲ下ルコトヲ得ス但一時ニ株金ノ全額ヲ拂込ムヘキ場合ニ限リ之ヲ二十圓マテニ下スコトヲ得

The amount of a share cannot be less than fifty yen, except that where the whole amount is to be paid up at one time, the amount of a share may be reduced to not less than twenty yen.

第百四十六條　株式カ數人ノ共有ニ屬スルトキハ共有者ハ株主ノ權利ヲ行フヘキ者一人ヲ定ムルコトヲ要ス

146.　If a share is held by two or more persons in common, they must appoint one person to exercise their rights as shareholders.

共有者ハ會社ニ對シ連帶シテ株金ノ拂込ヲ爲ス義務ヲ負フ

Persons holding a share in common arc jointly liable to the company for the payment of the amount of the share.

第百四十七條　株券ハ第百四十一條第一項ノ規定ニ從ヒ本店ノ所在地ニ於テ登記ヲ爲シタル後ニ非サレハ之ヲ發行スルコトヲ得ス

147.　Certificates of shares cannot be issued before registration according to the provisions of Art. 141, 1 has been made at the place of the principal office.

前項ノ規定ニ反シテ發行シタル株券ハ無效トス但株券ヲ發行シタル者ニ對スル損害賠償ノ請求ヲ妨ケス

Certificates issued in contravention of this provision arc invalid ; but this docs not affect the right to claim damages against the persons who have issued such certificates.

第百四十八條　株券ニハ左ノ事項及ヒ番號ヲ記載シ取締役之ニ署名スルコトヲ要ス

148.　Each certificate must be signed by the directors, bear a number and contain the following particulars :--

一　會社ノ商號

1.　The trade name of the company ;

二　第百四十一條第一項ノ規定ニ從ヒ本店ノ所在地ニ於テ登記ヲ爲シタル年月日

2.　The date when registration according to the provisions of Art. 141, j has been made at the place of the principal office ;

三　資本ノ總額

3.　The total amount of the capital ;

四　一株ノ金額

4.　The amount of each share.

一時ニ株金ノ全額ヲ拂込マシメサル場合ニ於テハ拂込アル每ニ其金額ヲ株券ニ記載スルコトヲ要ス

Unless the whole amount of the shares is to be paid up at one time, the amount of each payment made upon the shares must be inserted in the certificate at the time of the payment.

第百四十九條　株式ハ定款ニ別段ノ定ナキトキハ會社ノ承諾ナクシテ之ヲ他人ニ讓渡スコトヲ得但第百四十一條第一項ノ規定ニ從ヒ本店ノ所在地ニ於テ登記ヲ爲スマテハ之ヲ讓渡シ又ハ其讓渡ノ豫約ヲ爲スコトヲ得ス

149.　Unless it is otherwise provided by the company contract, a share may be assigned to another person without the assent of the company. Such assignment or a previous promise of assignment, however, cannot be made until registration according to the provisions of Art. 141, 1 is made at the place of the principal office.

第百五十條　記名株式ノ讓渡ハ讓受人ノ氏名、住所ヲ株主名簿ニ記載シ且其氏名ヲ株券ニ記載スルニ非サレハ之ヲ以テ會社其他ノ第三者ニ對抗スルコトヲ得ス

150.　The assignment of a name-share cannot be set up against the company or any other third person, unless the name and domicile of the assignee is entered in the list of shareholders and his name inserted in the certificate.

第百五十一條　會社ハ自己ノ株式ヲ取得シ又ハ質權ノ目的トシテ之ヲ受クルコトヲ得ス

151.　A company cannot acquire its own shares or take them in pledge.

株式ハ資本減少ノ規定ニ從フニ非サレハ之ヲ消却スルコトヲ得ス但定款ノ定ムル所ニ從ヒ株主ニ配當スヘキ利益ヲ以テスルハ此限ニ在ラス

An amortization of shares can only be made according to the provisions as to the reduction of the capital. This, however, does not apply, where pursuant to the company contract such amortization is made from profits which might have been distributed among the shareholders.

第百五十二條　株金ノ拂込ハ二週間前ニ之ヲ各株主ニ催吿スルコトヲ要ス

152.　Notice of a call on the shares must be given to each shareholder at least two weeks beforehand.

株主カ期日ニ拂込ヲ爲ササルトキハ會社ハ更ニ一定ノ期間內ニ其拂込ヲ爲スヘキ旨及ヒ其期間內ニ之ヲ爲ササルトキハ株主ノ權利ヲ失フヘキ旨ヲ其株主ニ通知スルコトヲ得但其期間ハ二週間ヲ下ルコトヲ得ス

If a shareholder does not make payment by the day fixed, the company may again notify such shareholder that payment must be made within a fixed time, which must not be less than two weeks, and that otherwise his rights as shareholder will be forfeited.

第百五十三條　會社カ前條ニ定メタル手續ヲ踐ミタルモ株主カ拂込ヲ爲ササルトキハ其權利ヲ失フ

153.　If a shareholder fails to pay a call even after the company has taken the proceedings mentioned in the preceding article, his rights are forfeited.

前項ノ場合ニ於テハ會社ハ株式ノ各讓渡人ニ對シ二週間ヲ下ラサル期間內ニ拂込ヲ爲スヘキ旨ノ催吿ヲ發スルコトヲ要ス此場合ニ於テハ最モ先ニ滯納金額ノ拂込ヲ爲シタル讓渡人株式ヲ取得ス

In such case the company shall notify all the assignors of the share to pay within a fixed time, which must not be less than two weeks. The assignor who first pays the amount in arrear acquires the share.

讓渡人カ拂込ヲ爲ササルトキハ會社ハ株式ヲ競賣スルコトヲ要ス此場合ニ於テ競賣ニ依リテ得タル金額カ滯納金額ニ滿タサルトキハ從前ノ株主ヲシテ其不足額ヲ辨濟セシムルコトヲ得若シ從前ノ株主カ二週間內ニ之ヲ辨濟セサルトキハ會社ハ讓渡人ニ對シテ其辨濟ヲ請求スルコトヲ得

If no assignor pays, the share must be publicly sold by the company. If the amount realized by such sale is not sufficient to cover the amount in arrear, the original holder of the share may be required to pay the deficit. If he docs not perform within two weeks, the company may demand performance of any of the assignors.

前三項ノ規定ハ會社カ損害賠償及ヒ定款ヲ以テ定メタル違約金ノ請求ヲ爲スコトヲ妨ケス

The provisions of the last three paragraphs do not affect the right of the company to claim damages and any penalty specially provided for in the company contract.

第百五十四條　前條ニ定メタル讓渡人ノ責任ハ讓渡ヲ株主名簿ニ記載シタル後二年ヲ經過シタルトキハ消滅ス

154.　The liability of any assignor mentioned in the preceding article is extinguished after two years have elapsed since the time when the assignment was entered in the list of shareholders.

第百五十五條　株金全額ノ拂込アリタルトキハ株主ハ其株券ヲ無記名式ト爲スコトヲ請求スルコトヲ得

155.　When the whole amount of the share has been paid up, a shareholder may require his certificate to be made out to bearer.

株主ハ何時ニテモ其無記名式ノ株券ヲ記名式ト爲スコトヲ請求スルコトヲ得

A shareholder may at any time have a share to bearer changed into a name-share.

第三節　會社ノ機關

SECTION III. ORGANIZATION OF THE COMPANY.

第一款　株主總會

SUBSECTION I. THE GENERAL MEETING OF SHAREHOLDERS.

第百五十六條　總會ヲ招集スルニハ會日ヨリ二週間前ニ各株主ニ對シテ其通知ヲ發スルコトヲ要ス

156.　When a general meeting is to be convened, notice must be given to each shareholder two weeks before the date fixed for such meeting.

前項ノ通知ニハ總會ノ目的及ヒ總會ニ於テ決議スヘキ事項ヲ記載スルコトヲ要ス

The notice must state the object of the meeting and the matters to be voted upon.

會社カ無記名式ノ株券ヲ發行シタル場合ニ於テハ會日ヨリ三週間前ニ總會ヲ開クヘキ旨及ヒ前項ニ揭ケタル事項ヲ公吿スルコトヲ要ス

If the company has issued shares to bearer, a public notification of the general meeting and of the particulars specified in the preceding paragraph must be given three weeks before the date fixed for the meeting.

第百五十七條　定時總會ハ每年一囘一定ノ時期ニ於テ取締役之ヲ招集スルコトヲ要ス

157.　An ordinary general meeting must be called by the directors once a year at a fixed time.

年二囘以上利益ノ配當ヲ爲ス會社ニ在リテハ每配當期ニ總會ヲ招集スルコトヲ要ス

In the case of a company in which distribution of profits takes place twice a year or oftener, a general meeting must be called at the time of each distribution.

第百五十八條　定時總會ハ取締役カ提出シタル書類及ヒ監査役ノ報吿書ヲ調査シ且利益又ハ利息ノ配當ヲ決議ス

158.　The ordinary general meeting examines the documents submitted to it by the directors and the report of the inspectors, and passes resolutions as to the distribution of profits or interest.

前項ニ揭ケタル書類ノ當否ヲ調査セシムル爲メ總會ハ特ニ檢査役ヲ選任スルコトヲ得

The general meeting may appoint special examiners to examine into the correctness of the documents above mentioned.

第百五十九條　臨時總會ハ必要アル每ニ取締役之ヲ招集ス

159.　An extraordinary general meeting is called by the directors, whenever there is a necessity for doing so.

第百六十條　資本ノ十分ノ一以上ニ當タル株主ハ總會ノ目的及ヒ其招集ノ理由ヲ記載シタル書面ヲ取締役ニ提出シテ總會ノ招集ヲ請求スルコトヲ得

160.　The holders of at least one tenth of the capital may require the directors to call an extraordinary general meeting. The request must be in writing, and must specify the object of the meeting and the reasons for its convening.

取締役カ前項ノ請求アリタル後二週間內ニ總會招集ノ手續ヲ爲ササルトキハ其請求ヲ爲シタル株主ハ裁判所ノ許可ヲ得テ其招集ヲ爲スコトヲ得

If the directors do not proceed to call the general meeting within two weeks after such request has been made, the shareholders who made the request may call the meeting with the permission of the court.

第百六十一條　總會ノ決議ハ本法又ハ定款ニ別段ノ定アル場合ヲ除ク外出席シタル株主ノ議決權ノ過半數ヲ以テ之ヲ爲ス

161.　Except as otherwise provided by this Code or by the company contract, a resolution of the general meeting must be passed by a majority vote of the shareholders present.

無記名式ノ株券ヲ有スル者ハ會日ヨリ一週間前ニ其株券ヲ會社ニ供託スルニ非サレハ其議決權ヲ行フコトヲ得ス

Persons holding certificates to bearer cannot exercise their right of voting unless they have deposited their certificates with the company one week before the day of the meeting.

株主ハ代理人ヲ以テ其議決權ヲ行フコトヲ得但其代理人ハ代理權ヲ證スル書面ヲ會社ニ差出タスコトヲ要ス

A shareholder may exercise his right of voting by a proxy, who must produce to the company a document proving his right of representation.

總會ノ決議ニ付キ特別ノ利害關係ヲ有スル者ハ其議決權ヲ行フコトヲ得ス

A person who has a special interest in a resolution of the company, cannot exercise his right of voting.

第百六十二條　各株主ハ一株ニ付キ一箇ノ議決權ヲ有ス但十一株以上ヲ有スル株主ノ議決權ハ定款ヲ以テ之ヲ制限スルコトヲ得

162.　A shareholder has one vote for each share. The company contract may, however, restrict the voting powers of a person holding eleven shares or more.

第百六十三條　總會招集ノ手續又ハ其決議ノ方法カ法令又ハ定款ニ反スルトキハ株主ハ其決議ノ無效ノ宣吿ヲ裁判所ニ請求スルコトヲ得

163.　If the procedure for convening a general meeting or the manner in which a resolution is passed, is contrary to law or regulations or to the company contract, the court may on the application of a shareholder decree the invalidity of the resolution.

前項ノ請求ハ決議ノ日ヨリ一个月內ニ之ヲ爲スコトヲ要ス

Such application must be made within one month from the day of the resolution.

取締役又ハ監査役ニ非サル株主カ第一項ノ請求ヲ爲シタルトキハ其株券ヲ供託シ且會社ノ請求ニ因リ相當ノ擔保ヲ供スルコトヲ要ス

If a shareholder who is not a director or inspector makes such application, he must deposit his certificates, and upon demand of the company he must give proper security.

第二款　取締役

SUBSECTION II. DIRECTORS.

第百六十四條　取締役ハ株主總會ニ於テ株主中ヨリ之ヲ選任ス

164.　Directors arc elected in a general meeting of shareholders from among the shareholders.

第百六十五條　取締役ハ三人以上タルコトヲ要ス

165.　The directors must be at least three in number.

第百六十六條　取締役ノ任期ハ三年ヲ超ユルコトヲ得ス但其任期滿了ノ後之ヲ再選スルコトヲ妨ケス

166.　The duration of the office of a director must not exceed three years ; but he may be re-elected after the expiration of such period.

第百六十七條　取締役ハ何時ニテモ株主總會ノ決議ヲ以テ之ヲ解任スルコトヲ得但任期ノ定アル場合ニ於テ正當ノ理由ナクシテ其任期前ニ之ヲ解任シタルトキハ其取締役ハ會社ニ對シ解任ニ因リテ生シタル損害ノ賠償ヲ請求スルコトヲ得

167.　A director may be removed at any time by a resolution passed in a general meeting of the shareholders. But if a director who is appointed for a certain period, is without reasonable cause removed before the expiration of such period, he may claim as against the company such damages as may have accrued to him thereby.

第百六十八條　取締役ハ定款ニ定メタル員數ノ株券ヲ監査役ニ供託スルコトヲ要ス

168.　The directors must deposit with the inspectors such-number of share certificates as may have been provided for by the company contract.

第百六十九條　會社ノ業務執行ハ定款ニ別段ノ定ナキトキハ取締役ノ過半數ヲ以テ之ヲ決ス支配人ノ選任及ヒ解任亦同シ

169.　If not otherwise provided for by the company contract, the conduct of the company's affairs is decided upon by a majority vote of the directors. The same applies to the appointment or removal of procurators.

第百七十條　取締役ハ各自會社ヲ代表ス

170.　Each of the directors is entitled to represent the company.

第六十二條ノ規定ハ取締役ニ之ヲ準用ス

The provisions of Art. 62 apply correspondingly to directors.

第百七十一條　取締役ハ定款及ヒ總會ノ決議錄ヲ本店及ヒ支店ニ備ヘ置キ且株主名簿及ヒ社債原簿ヲ本店ニ備ヘ置クコトヲ要ス

171.　The directors must keep at the principal office and at each branch office the company contract and the minutes of the resolutions passed at the general meetings, and at the principal office the list of shareholders and the debenture list.

株主及ヒ會社ノ債權者ハ營業時間內何時ニテモ前項ニ揭ケタル書類ノ閱覽ヲ求ムルコトヲ得

Any shareholder or any creditor of the company may at any time during business hours demand an inspection of the documents mentioned in the foregoing paragraph.

第百七十二條　株主名簿ニハ左ノ事項ヲ記載スルコトヲ要ス

172.　In the list of shareholders the following particulars must be entered :--

一　株主ノ氏名、住所

1.　The name and domicile of the shareholders ;

二　各株主ノ株式ノ數及ヒ株券ノ番號

2.　The number of shares held by each shareholder and the serial numbers of the certificates ;

三　各株ニ付キ拂込ミタル株金額及ヒ拂込ノ年月日

3.　The amount paid upon each share and the date of the payment ;

四　各株式ノ取得ノ年月日

4.　The date of the acquisition of each share ;

五　無記名式ノ株券ヲ發行シタルトキハ其數、番號及ヒ發行ノ年月日

5.　If certificates of shares to bearer have been issued, their total number, their serial numbers and the date of their issue.

第百七十三條　社債原簿ニハ左ノ事項ヲ記載スルコトヲ要ス

173.　In the debenture list the following particulars must be entered :

一　社債權者ノ氏名、住所

1.　The name and domicile of the creditors ;

二　債券ノ番號

2.　The serial numbers of the debentures ;

三　社債ノ總額

3.　The total amount of the debentures ;

四　各社債ノ金額

4.　The amount in money of each debenture ;

五　社債ノ利率

5.　The rate of interest on the debentures ;

六　社債償還ノ方法及ヒ期限

6.　The manner and time of repayment of the debentures ;

七　債券發行ノ年月日

7.　The date of the issue of the debentures ;

八　各社債ノ取得ノ年月日

8.　The date of the acquisition of each debenture ;

九　無記名式ノ債券ヲ發行シタルトキハ其數、番號及ヒ發行ノ年月日

9.　If debentures to bearer have been issued, their total number, their serial numbers and the date of their issue.

第百七十四條　會社カ其資本ノ半額ヲ失ヒタルトキハ取締役ハ遲滯ナク株主總會ヲ招集シテ之ヲ報吿スルコトヲ要ス

174.　If a company has lost half the amount of its capital, the directors must without delay call a general meeting of shareholders and inform it thereof.

會社財產ヲ以テ會社ノ債務ヲ完濟スルコト能ハサルニ至リタルトキハ取締役ハ直チニ破產宣吿ノ請求ヲ爲スコトヲ要ス

If the property of the company is no longer sufficient to fully meet its obligations, the directors must at once apply to the court to have the company adjudged bankrupt.

第百七十五條　取締役ハ株主總會ノ認許アルニ非サレハ自己又ハ第三者ノ爲メニ會社ノ營業ノ部類ニ屬スル商行爲ヲ爲シ又ハ同種ノ營業ヲ目的トスル他ノ會社ノ無限責任社員ト爲ルコトヲ得ス

175.　Without the consent of a general meeting of shareholders no director can undertake commercial transactions in the same kind of business as that of the company, either on his own account or that of a third person, or become a partner with unlimited liability in another company whose object is the same kind of business.

取締役カ前項ノ規定ニ反シテ自己ノ爲メニ商行爲ヲ爲シタルトキハ株主總會ハ之ヲ以テ會社ノ爲メニ爲シタルモノト看做スコトヲ得

If a director, in contravention of the foregoing provisions, undertakes a commercial transaction for his own account, the general meeting of shareholders may consider such transaction as done on account of the company.

前項ニ定メタル權利ハ監査役ノ一人カ其行爲ヲ知リタル時ヨリ二个月間之ヲ行ハサルトキハ消滅ス行爲ノ時ヨリ一年ヲ經過シタルトキ亦同シ

This right ceases if it is not exercised within two months from the time when one of the inspectors had notice of such transaction, or if a year has elapsed since the time of the transaction.

第百七十六條　取締役ハ監査役ノ承認ヲ得タルトキニ限リ自己又ハ第三者ノ爲メニ會社ト取引ヲ爲スコトヲ得

176.　A director can do business with the company either on his own account or on that of a third person only when he has obtained the consent of the inspectors.

第百七十七條　取締役カ法令又ハ定款ニ反スル行爲ヲ爲シタルトキハ株主總會ノ決議ニ依リタル場合ト雖モ第三者ニ對シテ損害賠償ノ責ヲ免ルルコトヲ得ス

177.　A director who does an act contrary to law or regulations or to the company contract is not exempted from liability for damages therefor to third persons, even though he has done so in compliance with a resolution of a general meeting of shareholders.

前項ノ規定ハ其行爲ニ對シ株主總會ニ於テ異議ヲ述ヘ且監査役ニ其旨ヲ通知シタル取締役ニハ之ヲ適用セス

These provisions do not apply to a director who in the general meeting has opposed such act and has given notice thereof to the inspectors.

第百七十八條　株主總會ニ於テ取締役ニ對シテ訴ヲ提起スルコトヲ決議シタルトキ又ハ之ヲ否決シタル場合ニ於テ資本ノ十分ノ一以上ニ當タル株主カ之ヲ監査役ニ請求シタルトキハ會社ハ決議又ハ請求ノ日ヨリ一个月內ニ訴ヲ提起スルコトヲ要ス

178.　If a general meeting of shareholders passes a resolution to bring a suit against the directors, or if in case it passes a resolution not to bring such a suit, shareholders holding not less than one tenth of the capital require of the inspectors that such a suit be brought, the company must bring the suit within one month from the day of the resolution or the request.

前項ノ請求ヲ爲シタル株主ハ其株券ヲ供託シ且監査役ノ請求ニ因リ相當ノ擔保ヲ供スルコトヲ要ス

Shareholders who have made such a request are bound to deposit their share certificates and upon the demand of the inspectors to give proper security.

會社カ敗訴シタルトキハ右ノ株主ハ會社ニ對シテノミ損害賠償ノ責ニ任ス

If the suit fails, such shareholders are liable for damages to the company only.

第百七十九條　取締役カ受クヘキ報酬ハ定款ニ其額ヲ定メサリシトキハ株主總會ノ決議ヲ以テ之ヲ定ム

179.　If the amount of the salary to be paid to the directors is not fixed by the company contract, it is fixed by a resolution passed at a general meeting of shareholders.

第三款　監査役

SUBSECTION III. INSPECTORS.

第百八十條　監査役ノ任期ハ之ヲ一年トス但其任期滿了ノ後之ヲ再選スルコトヲ妨ケス

180.　The duration of the office of an inspector is one year, but he may be re-elected after such time has elapsed.

第百八十一條　監査役ハ何時ニテモ取締役ニ對シテ營業ノ報吿ヲ求メ又ハ會社ノ業務及ヒ會社財產ノ狀況ヲ調査スルコトヲ得

181.　Inspectors may at any time require the directors to give them information about the business, or may inquire into the affairs of the company and the state of its property.

第百八十二條　監査役ハ株主總會ヲ招集スル必要アリト認メタルトキハ其招集ヲ爲スコトヲ得此總會ニ於テハ會社ノ業務及ヒ會社財產ノ狀況ヲ調査セシムル爲メ特ニ檢査役ヲ選任スルコトヲ得

182.　Inspectors may call a general meeting of shareholders, whenever they consider such a measure necessary. Such general meeting may appoint special examiners to inquire into the affairs of the company and the state of its property.

第百八十三條　監査役ハ取締役カ株主總會ニ提出セントスル書類ヲ調査シ株主總會ニ其意見ヲ報吿スルコトヲ要ス

183.　It is the duty of the inspectors to examine the papers which are to be submitted to a general meeting of shareholders by the directors and to make a report thereon to the meeting.

第百八十四條　監査役ハ取締役又ハ支配人ヲ兼ヌルコトヲ得ス但取締役中ニ缺員アルトキハ取締役及ヒ監査役ノ協議ヲ以テ監査役中ヨリ一時取締役ノ職務ヲ行フヘキ者ヲ定ムルコトヲ得

184.　An inspector cannot at the same time be a director or procurator. If, however, there is a vacancy in the board of directors, some one from among the inspectors may be nominated by a resolution of the directors and inspectors to discharge temporarily the duties of a director.

前項ノ規定ニ依リテ取締役ノ職務ヲ行フ監査役ハ第百九十二條第一項ノ規定ニ從ヒ株主總會ノ承認ヲ得ルマテハ監査役ノ職務ヲ行フコトヲ得ス

An inspector discharging the duties of a director under the foregoing provisions cannot discharge the duties of an inspector, until the approval of a general meeting of shareholders according to Art. 192, 1 is obtained.

第百八十五條　會社カ取締役ニ對シ又ハ取締役カ會社ニ對シ訴ヲ提起スル場合ニ於テハ其訴ニ付テハ監査役會社ヲ代表ス但株主總會ハ他人ヲシテ之ヲ代表セシムルコトヲ得

185.　In case the company brings a suit against the directors or the latter against the former, the company is in regard to such suit represented by the inspectors. The general meeting of shareholders, however, may appoint another person as representative.

資本ノ十分ノ一以上ニ當タル株主カ取締役ニ對シテ訴ヲ提起スルコトヲ請求シタルトキハ特ニ代表者ヲ指定スルコトヲ得

When a request to bring a suit against the directors is made by shareholders holding not less than one tenth of the capital, a special representative may be designated.

第百八十六條　監査役カ其任務ヲ怠リタルトキハ會社及ヒ第三者ニ對シテ損害賠償ノ責ニ任ス

186.　An inspector is liable to the company and to third persons for any damage caused by his having neglected his duties.

第百八十七條　株主總會ニ於テ監査役ニ對シテ訴ヲ提起スルコトヲ決議シタルトキ又ハ之ヲ否決シタル場合ニ於テ資本ノ十分ノ一以上ニ當タル株主カ之ヲ取締役ニ請求シタルトキハ會社ハ決議又ハ請求ノ日ヨリ一个月內ニ訴ヲ提起スルコトヲ要ス此場合ニ於テハ第百八十五條第一項但書及ヒ第二項ノ規定ヲ準用ス

187.　If a general meeting of shareholders passes a resolution to bring a suit against the inspectors, or if in case it passes a resolution not to bring such a suit shareholders holding not less than one tenth of the capital require of the directors that such a suit be brought, the company must bring the suit within one month from the day of the resolution or the request. In such case the proviso of Art. 185, 1 and the provisions of Art. 185, 2 apply correspondingly.

前項ノ請求ヲ爲シタル株主ハ其株券ヲ供託シ且取締役ノ請求ニ因リ相當ノ擔保ヲ供スルコトヲ要ス

Shareholders who have made such a request are bound to deposit their share certificates and upon the demand of the directors to give proper security.

會社カ敗訴シタルトキハ右ノ株主ハ會社ニ對シテノミ損害賠償ノ責ニ任ス

If the suit fails, such shareholders are liable for damages to the company only.

第百八十八條　監査役ハ其破產又ハ禁治產ニ因リテ退任ス

188.　The office of an inspector is vacated by his bankruptcy or by his being adjudged imcompetent.

第百八十九條　第百六十四條、第百六十七條及ヒ第百七十九條ノ規定ハ監査役ニ之ヲ準用ス

189.　The provisions of Arts. 164, 167 and 179 apply correspondingly to inspectors.

第四節　會社ノ計算

SECTION IV. ACCOUNTS OF THE COMPANY.

第百九十條　取締役ハ定時總會ノ會日ヨリ一週間前ニ左ノ書類ヲ監査役ニ提出スルコトヲ要ス

190.　The directors must submit to the inspectors the following documents one week before the day of the ordinary general meeting, namely :--

一　財產目錄

1.　An inventory ;

二　貸借對照表

2.　A balance-sheet ;

三　營業報吿書

3.　A report on the company's business ;

四　損益計算書

4.　An account of profits and losses ;

五　準備金及ヒ利益又ハ利息ノ配當ニ關スル議案

5.　Proposals relating to the reserve fund and to the distribution of profits or interest.

第百九十一條　取締役ハ定時總會ノ會日前ニ前條ニ揭ケタル書類及ヒ監査役ノ報吿書ヲ本店ニ備フルコトヲ要ス

191.　The directors must deposit before the day of the ordinary general meeting at the principal office the documents mentioned in the preceding article and the. report of the inspectors.

株主及ヒ會社ノ債權者ハ營業時間內何時ニテモ前項ニ揭ケタル書類ノ閱覽ヲ求ムルコトヲ得

Shareholders and creditors of the company may at any time during business hours demand an inspection of the documents above mentioned.

第百九十二條　取締役ハ第百九十條ニ揭ケタル書類ヲ定時總會ニ提出シテ其承認ヲ求ムルコトヲ要ス

192.　The directors must submit to the ordinary general meeting the documents mentioned in Art. 190 for approval.

取締役ハ前項ノ承認ヲ得タル後貸借對照表ヲ公吿スルコトヲ要ス

After such approval has been given, the balancesheet must be published by the directors.

第百九十三條　定時總會ニ於テ前條第一項ノ承認ヲ爲シタルトキハ會社ハ取締役及ヒ監査役ニ對シテ其責任ヲ解除シタルモノト看做ス但取締役又ハ監査役ニ不正ノ行爲アリタルトキハ此限ニ在ラス

193.　When the approval mentioned in Art. 192, 1 has been given by the ordinary general meeting, the company is deemed to have absolved the directors and inspectors from responsibility. This does not, however, apply so far as directors or inspectors have acted in a dishonest manner.

第百九十四條　會社ハ其資本ノ四分ノ一ニ達スルマテハ利益ヲ配當スル每ニ準備金トシテ其利益ノ二十分ノ一以上ヲ積立ツルコトヲ要ス

194.　The company must set aside at each distribution of profits at least one twentieth of such profits as a reserve fund, until the latter amounts to one fourth of the capital.

額面以上ノ價額ヲ以テ株式ヲ發行シタルトキハ其額面ヲ超ユル金額ハ前項ノ額ニ達スルマテ之ヲ準備金ニ組入ルルコトヲ要ス

If shares have been issued at a value higher than the face value, the amount exceeding the face value must be added to the reserve fund, until the latter has reached the above mentioned amount.

第百九十五條　會社ハ損失ヲ塡補シ且前條第一項ニ定メタル準備金ヲ控除シタル後ニ非サレハ利益ノ配當ヲ爲スコトヲ得ス

195.　A company may distribute profits only after all losses have been made good and the amount for the reserve fund prescribed in Art. 194, 1 has been set aside.

前項ノ規定ニ違反シテ配當ヲ爲シタルトキハ會社ノ債權者ハ之ヲ返還セシムルコトヲ得

If a distribution has been made in contravention of the foregoing provisions, the creditors of the company may demand that the amount so distributed be refunded.

第百九十六條　會社ノ目的タル事業ノ性質ニ依リ第百四十一條第一項ノ規定ニ從ヒ本店ノ所在地ニ於テ登記ヲ爲シタル後二年以上開業ヲ爲スコト能ハサルモノト認ムルトキハ會社ハ定款ヲ以テ開業ヲ爲スニ至ルマテ一定ノ利息ヲ株主ニ配當スヘキコトヲ定ムルコトヲ得但其利率ハ法定利率ニ超ユルコトヲ得ス

196.　If it appears that, according to the nature of the business for the carrying on of which the company is formed, operations cannot be commenced within two years or longer from the day when the registration provided for in Art. 141, 1 has been made at the place of the principal office, it may be provided in the company contract that a fixed interest shall be paid to the shareholders until the commencement of the business operations ; but the rate of such interest shall not exceed the legal rate of interest.

前項ニ揭ケタル定款ノ規定ハ裁判所ノ認可ヲ得ルコトヲ要ス

For a provision of the company contract as mentioned in the foregoing paragraph the permission of the court must be obtained.

第百九十七條　利益又ハ利息ノ配當ハ定款ニ依リテ拂込ミタル株金額ノ割合ニ應シテ之ヲ爲ス但會社カ優先株ヲ發行シタル場合ニ於テ之ニ異ナリタル定アルトキハ此限ニ在ラス

197.　All distributions of profits or interest shall be made in proportion to the amount paid in upon the shares according to the company contract. This, however, does not apply so far as there arc different provisions in regard to preference shares issued by the company.

第百九十八條　裁判所ハ資本ノ十分ノ一以上ニ當タル株主ノ請求ニ因リ會社ノ業務及ヒ會社財產ノ狀況ヲ調査セシムル爲メ檢査役ヲ選任スルコトヲ得

198.　The court may upon the application of shareholders representing not less than one tenth of the capital appoint examiners to inquire into the affairs of the company and the state of its property.

檢査役ハ其調査ノ結果ヲ裁判所ニ報吿スルコトヲ要ス此場合ニ於テ裁判所ハ必要アリト認ムルトキハ監査役ヲシテ株主總會ヲ招集セシムルコトヲ得

The examiners must report to the court the result of their examination. In such case the court may, if such measure is deemed necessary, order the inspectors to call a general meeting of shareholders.

第五節　社債

SECTION V. DEBENTURES.

第百九十九條　社債ハ第二百九條ニ定メタル決議ニ依ルニ非サレハ之ヲ募集スルコトヲ得ス

199.　Subscriptions for debentures may be invited only pursuant to a resolution as provided in Art. 209.

第二百條　社債ノ總額ハ拂込ミタル株金額ニ超ユルコトヲ得ス

200.　The total amount of debentures issued must not exceed the amount paid in upon the shares.

最終ノ貸借對照表ニ依リ會社ニ現存スル財產カ前項ノ金額ニ滿タサルトキハ社債ノ總額ハ其財產ノ額ニ超ユルコトヲ得ス

If the actual property of the company as shown by the last balance-sheet is less than the amount above mentioned, the total amount of debentures must not exceed the amount of such property.

第二百一條　各社債ノ金額ハ二十圓ヲ下ルコトヲ得ス

201.　The amount of each debenture must not be less than twenty yen.

第二百二條　社債權者ニ償還スヘキ金額カ券面額ニ超ユヘキコトヲ定メタルトキハ其金額ハ各社債ニ付キ同一ナルコトヲ要ス

202.　If it is provided that the amounts to be paid back to the debenture holders shall exceed the face value of the debentures, such excess must be the same for all debentures.

第二百三條　社債ヲ募集セントスルトキハ取締役ハ左ノ事項ヲ公吿スルコトヲ要ス

203.　When subscriptions for debentures are to be invited, the directors must publish the following particulars :--

一　第百七十三條第三號乃至第六號ニ揭ケタル事項

1.　Those mentioned in Art. 173, Nos. 3 -- 6 ;

二　會社ノ商號

2.　The trade name of the company ;

三　前ニ社債ヲ募集シタルトキハ其償還ヲ了ヘサル總額

3.　If debentures have been previously subscribed for, the total amount not yet paid back ;

四　社債發行ノ價額又ハ其最低價額

4.　The amount for which the debentures are to be issued, or the lowest amount ;

五　會社ノ資本及ヒ拂込ミタル株金ノ總額

5.　The capital of the company and the total amount paid in on the shares ;

六　最終ノ貸借對照表ニ依リ會社ニ現存スル財產ノ額

6.　The amount of the actual property of the company, as shown by the last balance-sheet.

第二百四條　社債ノ募集カ完了シタルトキハ取締役ハ各社債ニ付キ其全額ヲ拂込マシムルコトヲ要ス

204.　When the subscriptions for debentures are completed, the directors must call for the payment of the whole amount of each debenture.

取締役ハ前項ノ規定ニ從ヒ全額ノ拂込ヲ受ケタル日ヨリ二週間內ニ本店及ヒ支店ノ所在地ニ於テ第百七十三條第三號乃至第六號ニ揭ケタル事項ヲ登記スルコトヲ要ス

The directors must register at the place of the principal office and of each branch office the particulars specified in Art. 173, Nos. 3--6 within two weeks from the day when they received payment of the full amount in accordance with the provisions of the foregoing paragraph.

第二百五條　債券ニハ第二百三條第一號及ヒ第二號ニ揭ケタル事項及ヒ番號ヲ記載シ取締役之ニ署名スルコトヲ要ス

205.　In each debenture must be inserted the particulars specified in Art. 203, Nos. 1 and 2 and its serial number, and it must be signed by the directors.

第二百六條　記名社債ノ讓渡ハ讓受人ノ氏名、住所ヲ社債原簿ニ記載シ且其氏名ヲ債券ニ記載スルニ非サレハ之ヲ以テ會社其他ノ第三者ニ對抗スルコトヲ得ス

206.　The assignment of a name-debenture cannot be set up against the company or against any other third person, unless the name and domicile of the assignee have been entered in the debenture list and his name inserted in the debenture.

第二百七條　第百五十五條ノ規定ハ債券ニ之ヲ準用ス

207.　The provisions of Art. 155 apply correspondingly to debentures.

第六節　定款ノ變更

SECTION VI. ALTERATIONS OF THE COMPANY CONTRACT.

第二百八條　定款ハ株主總會ノ決議ニ依リテノミ之ヲ變更スルコトヲ得

208.　An alteration of the company contract can be made only by a resolution passed at a general meeting of shareholders.

第二百九條　定款ノ變更ハ總株主ノ半數以上ニシテ資本ノ半額以上ニ當タル株主出席シ其議決權ノ過半數ヲ以テ之ヲ決ス

209.　A resolution to alter the company contract is passed by a majority vote of those present, who must be at least one half in number and value of all the shareholders.

前項ニ定メタル員數ノ株主カ出席セサルトキハ出席シタル株主ノ議決權ノ過半數ヲ以テ假決議ヲ爲スコトヲ得此場合ニ於テハ各株主ニ對シテ其假決議ノ趣旨ノ通知ヲ發シ且無記名式ノ株券ヲ發行シタルトキハ其趣旨ヲ公吿シ更ニ一个月ヲ下ラサル期間內ニ第二囘ノ株主總會ヲ招集スルコトヲ要ス

If the quorum required by the foregoing paragraph is not present, those present may pass a provisional resolution by a majority vote. In such case the contents of the provisional resolution must be communicated to each shareholder, and, if certificates to bearer are issued, must be published, and another general meeting of shareholders must be called within a period of not less than one month.

第二囘ノ株主總會ニ於テハ出席シタル株主ノ議決權ノ過半數ヲ以テ假決議ノ認否ヲ決ス

The second meeting of shareholders decides by a majority vote of those present whether the provisional resolution shall be adhered to or not.

前二項ノ規定ハ會社ノ目的タル事業ヲ變更スル場合ニハ之ヲ適用セス

The provisions of the foregoing two paragraphs do not apply to an alteration of the business for the carrying on of which the company is formed.

第二百十條　會社ノ資本ハ株金全額拂込ノ後ニ非サレハ之ヲ增加スルコトヲ得ス

210.　The capital of a company can be increased only after the total amount has been paid in upon the shares.

第二百十一條　會社ハ其資本ヲ增加スル場合ニ限リ優先株ヲ發行スルコトヲ得此場合ニ於テハ其旨ヲ定款ニ記載スルコトヲ要ス

211.　A company may issue preference shares only in case the capital is to be increased. Such fact must be entered in the company contract.

第二百十二條　會社カ優先株ヲ發行シタル場合ニ於テ定款ノ變更カ優先株主ニ損害ヲ及ホスヘキトキハ株主總會ノ決議ノ外優先株主ノ總會ノ決議アルコトヲ要ス

212.　If a company has issued preference shares, it is necessary for any alteration of the company contract by which the preference shareholders might be prejudiced, that the resolution to make such alteration be passed not only by a general meeting of shareholders, but also by a general meeting of the preference shareholders.

優先株主ノ總會ニハ株主總會ニ關スル規定ヲ準用ス

All provisions as to general meetings of shareholders apply correspondingly to general meetings of the preference shareholders.

第二百十三條　會社カ其資本ヲ增加シタル場合ニ於テ各新株ニ付キ第百二十九條ノ拂込アリタルトキハ取締役ハ遲滯ナク株主總會ヲ招集シテ之ニ新株ノ募集ニ關スル事項ヲ報吿スルコトヲ要ス

213.　When in the case of an increase of the capital the payment provided for in Art. 129 has been made on all the new shares, the directors must without delay call a general meeting of shareholders and communicate to it all the particulars relating to the subscription for new shares.

第二百十四條　監査役ハ左ニ揭ケタル事項ヲ調査シ之ヲ株主總會ニ報吿スルコトヲ要ス

214.　The inspectors must inquire into the following particulars and report thereon to the general meeting of shareholders, namely :--

一　新株總數ノ引受アリタルヤ否ヤ

1.　Whether the whole number of new shares has been taken ;

二　各新株ニ付キ第百二十九條ノ拂込アリタルヤ否ヤ

2.　Whether the payment provided for in Art. 129 has been made upon each new share ;

三　金錢以外ノ財產ヲ以テ出資ノ目的ト爲シタル者アルトキハ其財產ニ對シテ與フル株式ノ數ノ正當ナルヤ否ヤ

3.　If any person is to contribute property other than money, whether the number of shares to be given in exchange for such property is proper.

株主總會ハ前項ノ調査及ヒ報吿ヲ爲サシムル爲メ特ニ檢査役ヲ選任スルコトヲ得

The general meeting of shareholders may appoint special examiners in order to make the inquiries and the report mentioned in the foregoing paragraph.

第二百十五條　株主總會ニ於テ金錢以外ノ財產ニ對シテ與フル株式ノ數ヲ不當ト認メタルトキハ之ヲ減少スルコトヲ得此場合ニ於テハ第百三十五條但書ノ規定ヲ準用ス

215.　If the general meeting of shareholders finds that the number of shares to be given in exchange for property other than money is improper, it may reduce them ; in which case the proviso of Art. 135 applies correspondingly.

第二百十六條　引受ナキ株式又ハ第百二十九條ノ拂込ノ未濟ナル株式アルトキハ取締役ハ連帶シテ其株式ヲ引受ケ又ハ其拂込ヲ爲ス義務ヲ負フ株式ノ申込カ取消サレタルトキ亦同シ

216.　If there are shares not yet taken or on which the payment provided for in Art. 129 has not yet been fully made, the directors are jointly bound to take such shares or to make such payment. The same applies if a subscription for shares has been rescinded.

第二百十七條　會社ハ第二百十三條ノ規定ニ依リテ招集シタル株主總會終結ノ日ヨリ二週間內ニ本店及ヒ支店ノ所在地ニ於テ左ノ事項ヲ登記スルコトヲ要ス

217.　The company must register the following particulars at the place of the principal office and of each branch office within two weeks from the day of the ending of the general meeting of shareholders convened in accordance with the provisions of Art. 213, namely :--

一　增加シタル資本ノ總額

1.　The whole amount of the capital increased ;

二　資本增加ノ決議ノ年月日

2.　The date of the resolution to increase the capital ;

三　各新株ニ付キ拂込ミタル株金額

3.　The amount paid in upon each new share ;

四　優先株ヲ發行シタルトキハ其株主ノ權利

4.　If preference shares have been issued, the rights of their holders.

前項ノ規定ニ從ヒ本店ノ所在地ニ於テ登記ヲ爲スマテハ新株券ノ發行及ヒ新株ノ讓渡又ハ其豫約ヲ爲スコトヲ得ス

Until registration in accordance with the foregoing provisions has been made at the place of the principal office, no certificate for the new shares may be issued, and no assignment of them nor a previous promise of assignment may be made.

第二百十八條　新株ヲ發行シタルトキハ前條第一項ノ規定ニ從ヒ本店ノ所在地ニ於テ登記ヲ爲シタル年月日ヲ株券ニ記載スルコトヲ要ス

218.　When new shares are issued, the date of the registration made at the place of the principal office in accordance with the provisions of Art. 217, 1 must be inserted in the share certificates.

優先株ヲ發行シタルトキハ其株主ノ權利ヲ株券ニ記載スルコトヲ要ス

If preference shares are issued, the rights of their holders must be stated in the share certificates.

第二百十九條　第百二十七條乃至第百三十條、第百四十條、第百四十二條及ヒ第百四十七條第二項ノ規定ハ新株發行ノ場合ニ之ヲ準用ス

219.　The provisions of Arts. 127--130, 140, 142 and 147, 2 apply correspondingly in the case of the issue of new shares.

第二百二十條　株主總會ニ於テ資本減少ノ決議ヲ爲ストキハ同時ニ其減少ノ方法ヲ決議スルコトヲ要ス

220.　If a resolution is passed at a general meeting of shareholders to reduce the capital, the manner of such reduction must be determined at the same time.

第七十八條乃至第八十條ノ規定ハ資本減少ノ場合ニ之ヲ準用ス

The provisions of Arts. 78--80 apply correspondingly to the case of a reduction of the capital.

第七節　解散

SECTION VII. DISSOLUTION.

第二百二十一條　會社ハ左ノ事由ニ因リテ解散ス

221.　A company is dissolved :--

一　第七十四條第一號、第二號、第四號、第六號及ヒ第七號ニ揭ケタル事由

1.　In the cases specified in Art. 74, Nos. 1, 2, 4, 6 and 7 ;

二　株主總會ノ決議

2.　By a resolution passed at a general meeting of shareholders ;

三　株主カ七人未滿ニ減シタルコト

3.　When the number of shareholders is reduced to less than seven.

第二百二十二條　前條第二號及ヒ合併ノ決議ハ第二百九條ノ規定ニ從フニ非サレハ之ヲ爲スコトヲ得ス

222.　The resolution mentioned in Art. 221, No. 2 and a resolution for the consolidation can only be passed in accordance with the provisions specified in Art. 209.

第二百二十三條　會社カ合併ヲ爲サント欲スルトキハ其旨ヲ公吿シテ株主總會ノ會日前一个月ヲ超エサル期間及ヒ開會中記名株ノ讓渡ヲ停止スルコトヲ得

223.　When a. company desires to consolidate with another, it may give public notice thereof and suspend the assignment of name-shares for a period of not more than one month before the day of the general meeting of shareholders and during such meeting.

株主總會ニ於テ合併ノ決議ヲ爲シタルトキハ其決議ノ日ヨリ第八十一條ノ規定ニ從ヒ本店ノ所在地ニ於テ登記ヲ爲スマテハ株主ハ其記名株ヲ讓渡スコトヲ得ス

After a resolution of consolidation has been passed by a general meeting, the shareholders cannot assign name-shares from the day of the resolution until registration according to the provisions of Art. 81 has been effected at the place of the principal office.

第二百二十四條　會社カ解散シタルトキハ破產ノ場合ヲ除ク外取締役ハ遲滯ナク株主ニ對シテ其通知ヲ發シ且無記名式ノ株券ヲ發行シタル場合ニ於テハ之ヲ公吿スルコトヲ要ス

224.　Upon the dissolution of a company, excepting the case of bankruptcy, the directors must without delay give notice thereof to the shareholders, and if shares to bearer have been issued, public notice of the dissolution must be given.

第二百二十五條　第七十六條及ヒ第七十八條乃至第八十二條ノ規定ハ株式會社ニ之ヲ準用ス

225.　The provisions of Arts. 76 and 78 apply correspondingly to joint stock companies.

第八節　淸算

SECTION VIII. LIQUIDATION.

第二百二十六條　會社カ解散シタルトキハ合併及ヒ破產ノ場合ヲ除ク外取締役其淸算人ト爲ル但定款ニ別段ノ定アルトキ又ハ株主總會ニ於テ他人ヲ選任シタルトキハ此限ニ在ラス

226.　Upon the dissolution of a joint stock company, excepting the case of consolidation and of bankruptcy, the directors become liquidators, unless it is otherwise provided by the company contract, or other persons are appointed by the general meeting of shareholders.

前項ノ規定ニ依リテ淸算人タル者ナキトキハ裁判所ハ利害關係人ノ請求ニ因リ淸算人ヲ選任ス

If there are no persons to be liquidators under the preceding provisions, liquidators are appointed by the court upon the application of any person interested.

第二百二十七條　淸算人ハ就職ノ後遲滯ナク會社財產ノ現況ヲ調査シ財產目錄及ヒ貸借對照表ヲ作リ之ヲ株主總會ニ提出シテ其承認ヲ求ムルコトヲ要ス

227.　The liquidators must without delay after they have entered upon their duties inquire into the present state of the property of the company, make an inventory and balance-sheet and submit them to a general meeting of shareholders for approval.

第百五十八條第二項及ヒ第百九十二條第二項ノ規定ハ前項ノ場合ニ之ヲ準用ス

In the case of the foregoing paragraph the provisions of Arts. 158, 2 and 192, 2 apply correspondingly.

第二百二十八條　株主總會ニ於テ選任シタル淸算人ハ何時ニテモ株主總會ノ決議ヲ以テ之ヲ解任スルコトヲ得

228.　Liquidators appointed by a general meeting of shareholders may at any time be removed by a resolution of a general meeting.

重要ナル事由アルトキハ裁判所ハ監査役又ハ資本ノ十分ノ一以上ニ當タル株主ノ請求ニ因リ淸算人ヲ解任スルコトヲ得

For any important cause the court may remove liquidators upon the application of the inspectors or of shareholders representing at least one tenth of the capital.

第二百二十九條　殘餘財產ハ定款ニ依リテ拂込ミタル株金額ノ割合ニ應シテ之ヲ株主ニ分配スルコトヲ要ス但會社カ優先株ヲ發行シタル場合ニ於テ之ニ異ナリタル定アルトキハ此限ニ在ラス

229.　The remaining property is to be distributed among the shareholders in proportion to the amounts paid in upon the shares in accordance with the company contract. This, however, does not apply so far as there exist different provisions in regard to preference shares issued by the company.

第二百三十條　淸算事務カ終ハリタルトキハ淸算人ハ遲滯ナク決算報吿書ヲ作リ之ヲ株主總會ニ提出シテ其承認ヲ求ムルコトヲ要ス

230.　Upon the completion of the liquidation the liquidators must without delay make a written account and submit it to the general meeting of shareholders for approval.

第百五十八條第二項及ヒ第百九十三條ノ規定ハ前項ノ場合ニ之ヲ準用ス

In the case of the foregoing paragraph the provisions of Arts. 158, 2 and 193 apply correspondingly.

第二百三十一條　總會招集ノ手續又ハ其決議ノ方法カ法令又ハ定款ニ反スルトキハ淸算人ハ其決議ノ無效ノ宣吿ヲ請求スルコトヲ要ス

231.　If the procedure for convening a general meeting or the manner in which resolutions arc passed, is contrary to law or regulations or to the company contract, the liquidators must apply for a decree of invalidity of the resolutions.

第二百三十二條　會社カ事業ニ著手シタル後其設立ノ無效ナルコトヲ發見シタルトキハ解散ノ場合ニ準シテ淸算ヲ爲スコトヲ要ス此場合ニ於テハ裁判所ハ利害關係人ノ請求ニ因リ淸算人ヲ選任ス

232.　When after the commencement of business by the company it is discovered that its formation was invalid, liquidation must take place as in the case of dissolution. In such case liquidators are appointed by the court upon the application of any person interested.

第二百三十三條　會社ノ帳簿、其營業ニ關スル信書及ヒ淸算ニ關スル一切ノ書類ハ本店ノ所在地ニ於テ淸算結了ノ登記ヲ爲シタル後十年間之ヲ保存スルコトヲ要ス其保存者ハ淸算人其他ノ利害關係人ノ請求ニ因リ裁判所之ヲ選任ス

233.　The company's books, its business correspondence and all papers relating to the liquidation must be kept for a period of ten years from the time when the ending of the liquidation was registered at the place of the principal office. The custodian is to be appointed by the court upon the application of the liquidators or of any other person interested.

第二百三十四條　第八十四條、第八十九條乃至第九十三條、第九十五條、第九十七條、第九十九條、第百五十九條、第百六十條、第百六十三條、第百七十六條乃至第百七十八條、第百八十一條、第百八十三條乃至第百八十五條、第百八十七條及ヒ民法第七十九條、第八十條ノ規定ハ株式會社ノ淸算ノ場合ニ之ヲ準用ス

234.　The provisions of Arts. 84, 89-93, 95, 97, 99, 159, 160, 163, 176-178, 181, 183-185 and 187 of this Code, and Arts. 79 and 80 of the Civil Code apply correspondingly in the case of the liquidators of a joint stock company.

第五章　株式合資會社

CHAPTER V. JOINT STOCK LIMITED PARTNERSHIPS

第二百三十五條　株式合資會社ハ無限責任社員ト株主トヲ以テ之ヲ組織ス

235.　A joint stock limited partnership consists of partners with unlimited liability and shareholders.

第二百三十六條　左ノ事項ニ付テハ合資會社ニ關スル規定ヲ準用ス

236.　As to the following particulars the provisions relating to limited partnerships apply correspondingly :--

一　無限責任社員相互間ノ關係

1.　The relations between partners with unlimited liability ;

二　無限責任社員ト株主及ヒ第三者トノ關係

2.　The relations between partners with unlimited liability on the one hand and shareholders and third persons on the other ;

三　無限責任社員ノ退社

3.　The termination of the membership of a partner with unlimited liability.

此他株式合資會社ニハ本章ニ別段ノ定アル場合ヲ除ク外株式會社ニ關スル規定ヲ準用ス

Except as to those particulars the provisions relating to joint stock companies apply correspondingly to joint stock limited partnerships, unless otherwise provided in this chapter.

第二百三十七條　無限責任社員ハ發起人ト爲リテ定款ヲ作リ之ニ左ノ事項ヲ記載シテ署名スルコトヲ要ス

237.　The partners with unlimited liability acting as promoters must make and sign a company contract, which must contain the following particulars :--

一　第百二十條第一號、第二號、第四號、第六號及ヒ第七號ニ揭ケタル事項

1.　Those specified in Art. 120, Nos. 1, 2, 4, 6 and 7 ;

二　株金ノ總額

2.　The total amount of the shares ;

三　無限責任社員ノ氏名、住所

3.　The names and domiciles of the partners with unlimited liability ;

四　無限責任社員ノ株金以外ノ出資ノ種類及ヒ價格又ハ評價ノ標準

4.　The nature and value of the contributions of the partners with unlimited liability other than payments for shares or the standard of estimation.

第二百三十八條　無限責任社員ハ株主ヲ募集スルコトヲ要ス

238.　The partners with unlimited liability must invite subscriptions for the shares.

株式申込證ニハ左ノ事項ヲ記載スルコトヲ要ス

An instrument of subscription must contain the following particulars:--

一　第百二十二條、第百二十六條第二項第一號、第四號及ヒ前條ニ揭ケタル事項

1.　Those specified in Arts. 122, 126, 2, Nos. 1 and 4 and in the preceding article ;

二　無限責任社員カ株式ヲ引受ケタルトキハ其各自カ引受ケタル株式ノ數

2.　If partners with unlimited liability have taken shares, the number which each has taken.

第二百三十九條　創立總會ニ於テハ監査役ヲ選任スルコトヲ要ス

239.　In the general meeting for organization inspectors must be appointed.

無限責任社員ハ監査役ト爲ルコトヲ得ス

A partner with unlimited liability cannot become an inspector.

第二百四十條　無限責任社員ハ創立總會ニ出席シテ其意見ヲ述フルコトヲ得但株式ヲ引受ケタルトキト雖モ議決ノ數ニ加ハルコトヲ得ス

240.　Partners with unlimited liability are entitled to attend the general meeting for organization and express their opinions ; but even though they have taken shares, they cannot be included among the voters.

無限責任社員カ引受ケタル株式其他ノ出資ハ議決權ニ關シテハ之ヲ算入セス

The shares taken by partners with unlimited liability and other contributions made by them cannot be taken into account in respect to the right of voting.

前二項ノ規定ハ株主總會ニ之ヲ準用ス

The provisions of the foregoing two paragraphs apply correspondingly to general meetings of shareholders.

第二百四十一條　監査役ハ第百三十四條第一項及ヒ第二百三十七條第四號ニ揭ケタル事項ヲ調査シ之ヲ創立總會ニ報吿スルコトヲ要ス

241.　The inspectors must inquire into the particulars specified in Arts. 134, 1 and 237, No. 4 and make a report thereon to the general meeting for organization.

第二百四十二條　會社ハ創立總會終結ノ日ヨリ二週間內ニ其本店及ヒ支店ノ所在地ニ於テ左ノ事項ヲ登記スルコトヲ要ス

242.　The company must register at the place of the principal office and of each branch office the following particulars within two weeks from the day when the general meeting for organization is ended, namely :--

一　第百二十條第一號、第二號、第四號、第七號及ヒ第百四十一條第一項第二號乃至第六號ニ揭ケタル事項

1.　Those specified in Art. 120, Nos. 1, 2, 4 and 7 and Art. 141, I, No. 2-6 ;

二　株金ノ總額

2.　The total amount of the shares ;

三　無限責任社員ノ氏名、住所

3.　The names and domiciles of the partners with unlimited liability ;

四　無限責任社員ノ株金以外ノ出資ノ種類及ヒ財產ヲ目的トスル出資ノ價格

4.　The nature of the contributions of the partners with unlimited liability other than payments for shares and the value of their contributions in property ;

五　會社ヲ代表スヘキ無限責任社員ヲ定メタルトキハ其氏名

5.　If partners with unlimited liability who are to represent the company are designated, the names of such partners ;

六　監査役ノ氏名、住所

6.　The names and domiciles of the inspectors.

第二百四十三條　會社ヲ代表スヘキ無限責任社員ニハ株式會社ノ取締役ニ關スル規定ヲ準用ス但第百六十四條乃至第百六十八條、第百七十五條及ヒ第百七十九條ノ規定ハ此限ニ在ラス

243.　The provisions as to directors of a joint stock company, excepting those of Arts. 164-168, 175 and 179 apply correspondingly to those partners with unlimited liability who are to represent the company.

第二百四十四條　合資會社ニ於テ總社員ノ同意ヲ要スル事項ニ付テハ株主總會ノ決議ノ外無限責任社員ノ一致アルコトヲ要ス

244.　In addition to a resolution of a general meeting of shareholders, the consent of all the partners with unlimited liability is required, for matters as to which in the case of a limited partnership the consent of all the partners is necessary.

第二百九條ノ規定ハ前項ノ決議ニ之ヲ準用ス

The provisions of Art. 209 apply correspondingly to the resolution mentioned in the foregoing paragraph.

第二百四十五條　監査役ハ無限責任社員ヲシテ株主總會ノ決議ヲ執行セシムル責ニ任ス

245.　The inspectors are bound to cause the partners with unlimited liability to carry into effect the resolutions passed by a general meeting of shareholders.

第二百四十六條　株式合資會社ハ合資會社ト同一ノ事由ニ因リテ解散ス但第八十三條ノ場合ハ此限ニ在ラス

246.　Except in the case specified in Art. 83, a joint stock limited partnership is dissolved by the same causes as a limited partnership.

第二百四十七條　無限責任社員ノ全員カ退社シタル場合ニ於テ株主ハ第二百九條ニ定メタル決議ニ依リ株式會社トシテ會社ヲ繼續スルコトヲ得此場合ニ於テハ株式會社ノ組織ニ必要ナル事項ヲ決議スルコトヲ要ス

247.　If the membership of all the partners with unlimited liability terminates, the shareholders may by a resolution as specified in Art. 209 continue the company as a joint stock company. In such case resolutions must be passed as to all matters necessary to the organization of a joint stock company.

第百十八條第二項ノ規定ハ前項ノ場合ニ之ヲ準用ス

In the case of the foregoing paragaph the provisions of Art. 118, 2 apply correspondingly.

第二百四十八條　會社カ解散シタルトキハ合併、破產又ハ裁判所ノ命令ニ因リテ解散シタル場合ヲ除ク外淸算ハ無限責任社員ノ全員又ハ其選任シタル者及ヒ株主總會ニ於テ選任シタル者之ヲ爲ス但定款ニ別段ノ定アルトキハ此限ニ在ラス

248.　When a joint stock limited partnership is dissolved otherwise than by consolidation, bankruptcy or an order of the court, liquidation is carried on by all the partners with unlimited liability or by persons appointed by them, together with persons appointed by a general meeting of shareholders, unless it be otherwise provided by the company contract.

無限責任社員カ淸算人ヲ選任スルトキハ其過半數ヲ以テ之ヲ決ス

The appointment of liquidators by the partners with unlimited liability is determined by a majority vote.

株主總會ニ於テ選任スル淸算人ハ無限責任社員ノ全員若クハ其相續人又ハ其選任スル者ト同數ナルコトヲ要ス

The number of liquidators appointed by the general meeting of shareholders and the number of all the partners with unlimited liability or their heirs or of the persons appointed by them must be equal.

第二百四十九條　無限責任社員ハ何時ニテモ其選任シタル淸算人ヲ解任スルコトヲ得

249.　The partners with unlimited liability may at any time remove the liquidators appointed by them.

前條第二項ノ規定ハ淸算人ノ解任ニ之ヲ準用ス

The provisions of Art. 248, 2 apply correspondingly to the removal of liquidators,

第二百五十條　第百二條ノ規定ハ株式合資會社ノ無限責任社員ニ之ヲ準用ス

250.　The provisions of Art. 102 apply correspondingly to the partners with unlimited liability of a joint stock limited partnership.

第二百五十一條　淸算人ハ第二百二十七條第一項及ヒ第二百三十條第一項ニ定メタル計算ニ付キ株主總會ノ承認ノ外無限責任社員全員ノ承認ヲ得ルコトヲ要ス

251.　In respect to the accounts provided in Arts. 227, 1 and 230, 1 the liquidators must in addition to the approval of the general meeting of shareholders obtain the approval of all the partners with unlimited liability.

第二百五十二條　株式合資會社ハ第二百四十四條ノ規定ニ從ヒ其組織ヲ變更シテ之ヲ株式會社ト爲スコトヲ得

252.　A joint stock limited partnership may alter its organization into that of a joint stock company in compliance with the provisions of Art. 244.

第二百五十三條　前條ノ場合ニ於テハ株主總會ハ直チニ株式會社ノ組織ニ必要ナル事項ヲ決議スルコトヲ要ス此總會ニ於テハ無限責任社員モ亦其引受クヘキ株式ノ數ニ應シテ議決權ヲ行フコトヲ得

253.　In the case mentioned in the preceding article the general meeting of shareholders must at once pass resolutions as to all the matters necessary for the organization of a joint stock company. In that general meeting also the partners with unlimited liability are entitled to exercise the right of voting in proportion to the number of shares to be taken by them.

第七十八條及ヒ第七十九條第一項、第二項ノ規定ハ前項ノ場合ニ之ヲ準用ス

In the case of the foregoing paragraph the provisions of Arts. 78 and 79, 1 and 2 apply correspondingly.

第二百五十四條　會社ハ組織變更ニ付キ債權者ノ承認ヲ得又ハ第七十九條第二項ニ定メタル義務ヲ履行シタル後二週間內ニ其本店及ヒ支店ノ所在地ニ於テ株式合資會社ニ付テハ解散ノ登記ヲ爲シ株式會社ニ付テハ第百四十一條第一項ニ定メタル登記ヲ爲スコトヲ要ス

254.　A joint stock limited partnership must within two weeks after it has obtained the approval of its creditors for the alteration of its organization or after it has performed the duties specified in Art. 79, 2, make at the place of its principal and of each branch office, as to the joint stock limited partnership the registration of its dissolution, and as to the joint stock company the registration provided for in Art. 141, 1.

第六章　外國會社

CHAPTER VI. FOREIGN COMPANIES

第二百五十五條　外國會社カ日本ニ支店ヲ設ケタルトキハ日本ニ成立スル同種ノモノ又ハ最モ之ニ類似セルモノト同一ノ登記及ヒ公吿ヲ爲スコトヲ要ス

255.　A foreign company which sets up a branch office in Japan must make the same registrations and public notifications as companies of the same kind or of the kind most resembling it, existing in Japan.

右ノ外日本ニ支店ヲ設ケタル外國會社ハ其日本ニ於ケル代表者ヲ定メ且支店設立ノ登記ト同時ニ其氏名、住所ヲ登記スルコトヲ要ス

In addition a foreign company which sets up a branch office in Japan must appoint a representative residing in Japan, and must register his name and domicile at the same time with the registration of the branch office.

第六十二條ノ規定ハ外國會社ノ代表者ニ之ヲ準用ス

The provisions of Art. 62 apply correspondingly to a representative of a foreign company.

第二百五十六條　前條第一項及ヒ第二項ノ規定ニ依リ登記スヘキ事項カ外國ニ於テ生シタルトキハ登記ノ期間ハ其通知ノ到達シタル時ヨリ之ヲ起算ス

256.　If particulars which are to be registered according to the provisions of Art. 255, 1 and 2 happen in a foreign country, the period for their registration is computed from the time when notice thereof arrives.

第二百五十七條　外國會社カ始メテ日本ニ支店ヲ設ケタルトキハ其支店ノ所在地ニ於テ登記ヲ爲スマテハ第三者ハ其會社ノ成立ヲ否認スルコトヲ得

257.　When a foreign company first sets up a branch office in Japan, other persons may disregard the existence of the company, until it has been registered at the place of such branch office.

第二百五十八條　日本ニ本店ヲ設ケ又ハ日本ニ於テ商業ヲ營ムヲ以テ主タル目的トスル會社ハ外國ニ於テ設立スルモノト雖モ日本ニ於テ設立スル會社ト同一ノ規定ニ從フコトヲ要ス

258.　A company which sets up its principal office in Japan or which makes it its principal object to carry on business in Japan, must, even though it is formed in a foreign country, comply with the same provisions as a company formed in Japan.

第二百五十九條　第百四十七條、第百四十九條、第百五十條、第百五十五條第一項、第二百六條、第二百七條及ヒ第二百十七條第二項ノ規定ハ日本ニ於テスル外國會社ノ株式ノ發行及ヒ其株式若クハ社債ノ讓渡ニ之ヲ準用ス此場合ニ於テハ始メテ日本ニ設ケタル支店ヲ以テ本店ト看做ス

259.　The provisions of Arts. 147, 149, 150, 155, 1, 206, 207 and 217, 2 apply correspondingly to the issue of shares and to the assignment of shares or debentures of a foreign company in Japan. In that case such branch office as is first set up in Japan is deemed to be the principal office.

第二百六十條　外國會社カ日本ニ支店ヲ設ケタル場合ニ於テ其代表者カ會社ノ業務ニ付キ公ノ秩序又ハ善良ノ風俗ニ反スル行爲ヲ爲シタルトキハ裁判所ハ檢事ノ請求ニ因リ又ハ職權ヲ以テ其支店ノ閉鎖ヲ命スルコトヲ得

260.　When a representative of a foreign company which has set up a branch office in Japan commits as to the affairs of such company an act contrary to the public welfare or to good morals, the court may upon application of the public procurator or of its own motion order such branch office to be closed.

第七章　罰則

CHAPTER VII. PENAL PROVISIONS.

第二百六十一條　發起人、會社ノ業務ヲ執行スル社員、取締役、外國會社ノ代表者、監査役又ハ淸算人ハ左ノ場合ニ於テハ五圓以上五百圓以下ノ過料ニ處セラル

261.　Promoters, partners conducting the affairs of a company, directors, representatives of foreign companies, inspectors or liquidators are liable to a fine of from five yen to five hundred yen :--

一　本編ニ定メタル登記ヲ爲スコトヲ怠リタルトキ

1.　If they fail to make any registration prescribed in this Book ;

二　本編ニ定メタル公吿若クハ通知ヲ爲スコトヲ怠リ又ハ不正ノ公吿若クハ通知ヲ爲シタルトキ

2.　If they fail to give any public notification or any notice prescribed in this Book, or if they give a false public notification or notice ;

三　本編ノ規定ニ依リ閱覽ヲ許スヘキ書類ヲ正當ノ理由ナクシテ閱覽セシメサリシトキ

3.　If they without just reason do not allow any inspection of the papers which they are bound to allow according to the provisions of this Book ;

四　本編ノ規定ニ依ル調査ヲ妨ケタルトキ

4.　If they obstruct any enquiry provided for in this Book ;

五　第四十六條ノ規定ニ違反シテ開業ノ準備ニ著手シタルトキ

5.　If they commence to make preparations for opening business in contravention of the provisions of Art. 46 ;

六　第百二十六條第二項及ヒ第二百三十八條第二項ノ規定ニ反シ株式申込證ヲ作ラス、之ニ記載スヘキ事項ヲ記載セス又ハ不正ノ記載ヲ爲シタルトキ

6.　If in violation of the provisions of Arts. 126, 2 and 238, 2 they omit to make out instruments of subscription or to enter therein particulars which should be entered, or if they make false entries ;

七　第百四十七條第一項又ハ第二百十七條第二項ノ規定ニ違反シテ株券ヲ發行シタルトキ

7.　If they issue share certificates in contravention of the provisions of Art. 147, 1 or Art. 217, 2 ;

八　株券又ハ債券ニ記載スヘキ事項ヲ記載セス又ハ不正ノ記載ヲ爲シタルトキ

8.　If they omit to enter in share or debenture certificates any particulars which should be entered, or if they make false entries ;

九　定款、株主名簿、社債原簿、總會ノ決議錄、財產目錄、貸借對照表、營業報吿書、損益計算書及ヒ準備金竝ニ利益又ハ利息ノ配當ニ關スル議案ヲ本店若クハ支店ニ備ヘ置カス、之ニ記載スヘキ事項ヲ記載セス又ハ之ニ不正ノ記載ヲ爲シタルトキ

9.　If they omit to keep at the principal office or at a branch office the company contract, the list of shareholders, the debenture list, the minutes of the resolutions passed at general meetings, the inventories, the balance-sheets, the business reports, the accounts of profits and losses, or the proposals concerning the reserve fund and the distribution of profits or interest ; or if they omit to enter therein particulars which should be entered, or if they make false entries ;

十　第百七十四條第一項又ハ第百九十八條第二項ノ規定ニ反シテ株主總會ヲ招集セサルトキ

10.　If in violation of the provisions of Art. 174, 1 or Art. 198, 2 they omit to call a general meeting of shareholders.

第二百六十二條　發起人、會社ノ業務ヲ執行スル社員、取締役、外國會社ノ代表者、監査役又ハ淸算人ハ左ノ場合ニ於テハ十圓以上千圓以下ノ過料ニ處セラル

262.　Promoters, partners conducting the affairs of a company, directors, representatives of foreign companies, inspectors or liquidators are liable to a fine of from ten yen to one thousand yen :--

一　官廳又ハ總會ニ對シ不實ノ申立ヲ爲シ又ハ事實ヲ隱蔽シタルトキ

1.　If they make false statements to the public authorities or to a general meeting or conceal facts from them ;

二　第七十八條乃至第八十條ノ規定ニ違反シテ合併、會社財產ノ處分、資本ノ減少又ハ組織ノ變更ヲ爲シタルトキ

2.　If in contravention of the provisions of Arts. 78--80 they proceed with a consolidation, the disposal of the property of the company, a reduction of its capital or an alteration of its organization ;

三　檢査役ノ調査ヲ妨ケタルトキ

3.　If they obstruct any examination of the examiners ;

四　第百五十一條第一項ノ規定ニ反シ株式ヲ取得シ若クハ質權ノ目的トシテ之ヲ受ケ又ハ同條第二項ノ規定ニ違反シテ之ヲ消却シタルトキ

4.　If in violation of the provisions of Art. 151, 1, they acquire shares or take them on pledge, or if in contravention of Art. 151, 2 they amortize shares ;

五　第百五十五條第一項ノ規定ニ違反シテ株券ヲ無記名式ト爲シタルトキ

5.　If in contravention of the provisions of Art.155,1 they issue share certificates to bearer ;

六　第百七十四條第二項又ハ民法第八十一條ノ規定ニ反シ破產宣吿ノ請求ヲ爲スコトヲ怠リタルトキ

6.　If in violation of Art. 174, 2 of this Code or of Art. 81 of the Civil Code they fail to apply for an adjudication in bankruptcy ;

七　第百九十四條ノ規定ニ反シ準備金ヲ積立テス又ハ第百九十五條第一項若クハ第百九十六條ノ規定ニ違反シテ配當ヲ爲シタルトキ

7.　If in violation of the provisions of Art. 194 they omit to set aside a reserve fund, or if they make a distribution in contravention of the provisions of Art. 195, 1 or Art. 196 ;

八　第二百條ノ規定ニ違反シテ社債ヲ募集シタルトキ

8.　If they invite subscriptions for debentures in contravention of the provisions of Art. 200 ;

九　第二百六十條ノ規定ニ依ル裁判所ノ命令ニ違反シタルトキ

9.　If they act in contravention of an order of the court made according to the provisions of Art. 260 ;

十　民法第七十九條ノ期間內ニ或債權者ニ辨濟ヲ爲シ又ハ第九十五條ノ規定ニ違反シテ會社財產ヲ分配シタルトキ

10.　If they perform to a creditor within the period specified in Art. 79 of the Civil Code, or if in contravention of the provisions of Art. 95 of this Code they distribute property of the company.

第三編　商行爲

BOOK III. COMMERCIAL TRANSACTIONS.

第一章　總則

CHAPTER I. GENERAL PROVISIONS.

第二百六十三條　左ニ揭ケタル行爲ハ之ヲ商行爲トス

263.　The following are commercial transactions :--

一　利益ヲ得テ讓渡ス意思ヲ以テスル動產、不動產若クハ有價證券ノ有償取得又ハ其取得シタルモノノ讓渡ヲ目的トスル行爲

1.　Transactions whose object is either the acquisition for value of movables, immovables or securities with the intention of disposing of them for profit, or the disposal of things thus acquired ;

二　他人ヨリ取得スヘキ動產又ハ有價證券ノ供給契約及ヒ其履行ノ爲メニスル有償取得ヲ目的トスル行爲

2.　Contracts for the supplying of movables or securities to be acquired from others, and transactions for acquiring such things for value in order to perform such contracts ;

三　取引所ニ於テスル取引

3.　Transactions on exchange ;

四　手形其他ノ商業證券ニ關スル行爲

4.　Transactions relating to bills and other commercial instruments of credit.

第二百六十四條　左ニ揭ケタル行爲ハ營業トシテ之ヲ爲ストキハ之ヲ商行爲トス但專ラ賃金ヲ得ル目的ヲ以テ物ヲ製造シ又ハ勞務ニ服スル者ノ行爲ハ此限ニ在ラス

264.　The following are commercial transactions, if done as a regular business :--

一　賃貸スル意思ヲ以テスル動產若クハ不動產ノ有償取得若クハ賃借又ハ其取得若クハ賃借シタルモノノ賃貸ヲ目的トスル行爲

1.　Transactions whose object is either the acquisition for value or the hiring of movables or immovables with the intention of letting them, or the letting of things thus acquired or hired ;

二　他人ノ爲メニスル製造又ハ加工ニ關スル行爲

2.　Transactions relating to the manufacture or working up of things for other persons ;

三　電氣又ハ瓦斯ノ供給ニ關スル行爲

3.　Transactions relating to the supplying of electricity or gas ;

四　運送ニ關スル行爲

4.　Transactions relating to carriage ;

五　作業又ハ勞務ノ請負

5.　Transactions of contractors for the execution of works or the furnishing of labours ;

六　出版、印刷又ハ撮影ニ關スル行爲

6.　Transactions relating to publishing, printing or photographing ;

七　客ノ來集ヲ目的トスル場屋ノ取引

7.　Business of a place for entertaining guests ;

八　兩替其他ノ銀行取引

8.　Money changing and other banking business ;

九　保險

9.　Insurance ;

十　寄託ノ引受

10.　Reception of deposits

十一　仲立又ハ取次ニ關スル行爲

11.　Transactions relating to brokerage or intermediation ;

十二　商行爲ノ代理ノ引受

12.　Assuming the representation in commercial transactions. These provisions do not apply to transactions of persons who make things or render services merely for the purpose of earning wages.

第二百六十五條　商人カ其營業ノ爲メニスル行爲ハ之ヲ商行爲トス

265.　Transactions made by a trader for the purposes of his business are commercial transactions.

商人ノ行爲ハ其營業ノ爲メニスルモノト推定ス

The transactions of a trader arc presumed to be made for the purposes of his business.

第二百六十六條　商行爲ノ代理人カ本人ノ爲メニスルコトヲ示ササルトキト雖モ其行爲ハ本人ニ對シテ其效力ヲ生ス但相手方カ本人ノ爲メニスルコトヲ知ラサリシトキハ代理人ニ對シテ履行ノ請求ヲ爲スコトヲ妨ケス

266.　A commercial transaction takes effect as against the principal, even though his representative has not disclosed the fact that he is acting for him. If, however, the other party did not know that the representative was acting for the principal, he is not prevented from claiming performance from the representative.

第二百六十七條　商行爲ノ受任者ハ委任ノ本旨ニ反セサル範圍內ニ於テ委任ヲ受ケサル行爲ヲ爲スコトヲ得

267.　A mandatary in a commercial transaction may do acts not mentioned in the mandate, as far as they are not contrary to its meaning.

第二百六十八條　商行爲ノ委任ニ因ル代理權ハ本人ノ死亡ニ因リテ消滅セス

268.　A right of representation founded upon a mandate for a commercial transaction is not extinguished by the death of the principal.

第二百六十九條　對話者間ニ於テ契約ノ申込ヲ受ケタル者カ直チニ承諾ヲ爲ササルトキハ申込ハ其效力ヲ失フ

269.　Inter praesentes an offer to make a contract loses its effect, if the offeree does not accept it forthwith.

第二百七十條　隔地者間ニ於テ承諾期間ノ定ナクシテ契約ノ申込ヲ受ケタル者カ相當ノ期間內ニ承諾ノ通知ヲ發セサルトキハ申込ハ其效力ヲ失フ

270.　Inter absentes an offer to make a contract, in which no time for acceptance is fixed, loses its effect, if the offeree does not give notice of acceptance within a proper time.

民法第五百二十三條ノ規定ハ前項ノ場合ニ之ヲ準用ス

In such case the provisions of Art. 523 of the Civil Code apply correspondingly.

第二百七十一條　商人カ平常取引ヲ爲ス者ヨリ其營業ノ部類ニ屬スル契約ノ申込ヲ受ケタルトキハ遲滯ナク諾否ノ通知ヲ發スルコトヲ要ス若シ之ヲ發スルコトヲ怠リタルトキハ申込ヲ承諾シタルモノト看做ス

271.　If an offer to make a contract pertaining to the branch of business carried on by him is made to a trader by a person with whom he is in regular commercial connection, he must declare his acceptance or rejection of it without delay. If he fails to do so, he is deemed to have accepted the offer.

第二百七十二條　商人カ其營業ノ部類ニ屬スル契約ノ申込ヲ受ケタル場合ニ於テ申込ト共ニ受取リタル物品アルトキハ其申込ヲ拒絕シタルトキト雖モ申込者ノ費用ヲ以テ其物品ヲ保管スルコトヲ要ス但其物品ノ價額カ其費用ヲ償フニ足ラサルトキ又ハ商人カ其保管ニ因リテ損害ヲ受クヘキトキハ此限ニ在ラス

272.　When an offer is made to a trader to make a contract pertaining to the branch of business carried on by him, if together with such offer goods are received, the trader must, even though he refuses to accept the offer, keep the goods safely at the cost of the offerer, unless the value of the goods would not suffice to cover the cost of their keeping or their keeping would be detrimental to him.

第二百七十三條　數人カ其一人又ハ全員ノ爲メニ商行爲タル行爲ニ因リテ債務ヲ負擔シタルトキハ其債務ハ各自連帶シテ之ヲ負擔ス

273.　If two or more persons by a transaction which is a commercial transaction for one or all of them take upon themselves an obligation, each of them is jointly liable on such obligation.

保證人アル場合ニ於テ債務カ主タル債務者ノ商行爲ニ因リテ生シタルトキ又ハ保證カ商行爲ナルトキハ主タル債務者及ヒ保證人カ各別ノ行爲ヲ以テ債務ヲ負擔シタルトキト雖モ其債務ハ各自連帶シテ之ヲ負擔ス

If in the case of a surety the obligation has arisen by a commercial transaction of the principal debtor, or if the suretyship is a commercial transaction, the principal debtor and the surety are jointly liable on the obligation, even though they assumed it by separate acts.

第二百七十四條　商人カ其營業ノ範圍內ニ於テ他人ノ爲メニ或行爲ヲ爲シタルトキハ相當ノ報酬ヲ請求スルコトヲ得

274.　A trader who in the course of his business makes a transaction on behalf of another person, is entitled to a reasonable compensation.

第二百七十五條　商人間ニ於テ金錢ノ消費貸借ヲ爲シタルトキハ貸主ハ法定利息ヲ請求スルコトヲ得

275.　In the case of a loan of money concluded between traders, the lender is entitled to legal interest.

商人カ其營業ノ範圍內ニ於テ他人ノ爲メニ金錢ノ立替ヲ爲シタルトキハ其立替ノ日以後ノ法定利息ヲ請求スルコトヲ得

A trader who has in the course of his business expended money for another person is entitled to legal interest thereon from the day of its expenditure.

第二百七十六條　商行爲ニ因リテ生シタル債務ニ關シテハ法定利率ハ年六分トス

276.　The rate of legal interest as to an obligation arising out of a commercial transaction is six per cent per annum.

第二百七十七條　民法第三百四十九條ノ規定ハ商行爲ニ因リテ生シタル債權ヲ擔保スル爲メニ設定シタル質權ニハ之ヲ適用セス

277.　The provisions of Art. 349 of the Civil Code do not apply to a pledge created as a security for an obligation arising from a commercial transaction.

第二百七十八條　商行爲ニ因リテ生シタル債務ノ履行ヲ爲スヘキ場所カ其行爲ノ性質又ハ當事者ノ意思表示ニ因リテ定マラサルトキハ特定物ノ引渡ハ行爲ノ當時其物ノ存在セシ場所ニ於テ之ヲ爲シ其他ノ履行ハ債權者ノ現時ノ營業所、若シ營業所ナキトキハ其住所ニ於テ之ヲ爲スコトヲ要ス

278.　If the place where an obligation arising out of a commercial transaction is to be performed is not determined by the nature of the transaction or by the expressed intention of the parties, delivery of a specific thing is to be made at the place where the thing was at the time of the transaction. Otherwise performance is to be made at the present place of business of the creditor, or if there is no such place of business, at his domicile.

指圖債權及ヒ無記名債權ノ辨濟ハ債務者ノ現時ノ營業所、若シ營業所ナキトキハ其住所ニ於テ之ヲ爲スコトヲ要ス

The performance of an obligation performable to order or to bearer must be made at the present place of business of the debtor, or if there is no such place of business, at his domicile.

支店ニ於テ爲シタル取引ニ付テハ其支店ヲ以テ營業所ト看做ス

As to business transacted in a branch office, the latter is deemed to be the place of business.

第二百七十九條　指圖債權又ハ無記名債權ノ債務者ハ其履行ニ付キ期限ノ定アルトキト雖モ其期限カ到來シタル後所持人カ其證券ヲ呈示シテ履行ノ請求ヲ爲シタル時ヨリ遲滯ノ責ニ任ス

279.　The debtor on an obligation performable to order or to bearer, even though a time of payment is fixed for it, is in inora* only from the day when the holder after such time having arrived, has presented the instrument for performance.

第二百八十條　第二百七十八條第二項及ヒ前條ノ規定ハ民法第四百七十一條ニ揭ケタル債權ニ之ヲ準用ス

280.　The provisions of Arts. 278, 2 and 279 apply correspondingly to the obligations mentioned in Art. 471 of the Civil Code.

第二百八十一條　金錢其他ノ物ノ給付ヲ目的トスル指圖證券又ハ無記名證券ノ所持人カ其證券ヲ喪失シタル場合ニ於テ公示催吿ノ申立ヲ爲シタルトキハ債務者ヲシテ其債務ノ目的物ヲ供託セシメ又ハ相當ノ擔保ヲ供シテ其證券ノ趣旨ニ從ヒ履行ヲ爲サシムルコトヲ得

281.　If an instrument performable to order or to bearer whose subject is the prestation of money or other things is lost, the holder may after he has applied for a public summons require the debtor to deposit the thing which is the subject of the obligation, or to make performance according to the tenor of the instrument ; the latter, however, only provided he gives a proper security.

第二百八十二條　第四百四十一條、第四百五十七條、第四百六十一條及ヒ第四百六十四條ノ規定ハ金錢其他ノ物ノ給付ヲ目的トスル指圖債權ニ之ヲ準用ス

282.　The provisions of Arts. 441, 457, 461 and 464 apply correspondingly to obligations performable to order, whose subject is the prestation of money or other things.

第二百八十三條　法令又ハ慣習ニ依リ取引時間ノ定アルトキハ其取引時間內ニ限リ債務ノ履行ヲ爲シ又ハ其履行ノ請求ヲ爲スコトヲ得

283.　If by law or regulation or by usage certain business hours have been fixed, the performance of an obligation can be made or demanded only during such business hours.

第二百八十四條　商人間ニ於テ其雙方ノ爲メニ商行爲タル行爲ニ因リテ生シタル債權カ辨濟期ニ在ルトキハ債權者ハ辨濟ヲ受クルマテ其債務者トノ間ニ於ケル商行爲ニ因リテ自己ノ占有ニ歸シタル債務者ノ所有物ヲ留置スルコトヲ得但別段ノ意思表示アリタルトキハ此限ニ在ラス

284.　As between traders, a creditor may, when an obligation arising from a transaction which on both sides is a commercial transaction has come due, retain until performance any thing belonging to the debtor which he has in his possession by virtue of a commercial transaction between them, unless a different intention has been expressed.

第二百八十五條　商行爲ニ因リテ生シタル債權ハ本法ニ別段ノ定アル場合ヲ除ク外五年間之ヲ行ハサルトキハ時效ニ因リテ消滅ス但他ノ法令ニ之ヨリ短キ時效期間ノ定アルトキハ其規定ニ從フ

285.　Except as otherwise provided in this Code, an obligation which has arisen from a commercial transaction is extinguished by prescription, if it is not exercised for five years ; but if by law or regulation a shorter period of prescription is provided, such provision is to govern.

第二章　賣買

CHAPTER II. SALE.

第二百八十六條　商人間ノ賣買ニ於テ買主カ其目的物ヲ受取ルコトヲ拒ミ又ハ之ヲ受取ルコト能ハサルトキハ賣主ハ其物ヲ供託シ又ハ相當ノ期間ヲ定メテ催吿ヲ爲シタル後之ヲ競賣スルコトヲ得此場合ニ於テハ遲滯ナク買主ニ對シテ其通知ヲ發スルコトヲ要ス

286.　When in case of a sale between traders the buyer refuses or is unable to accept the thing sold, the seller may deposit it, or after he has notified the buyer to accept it within a proper time, may sell it at public auction. In such case he must without delay give notice thereof to the buyer.

損敗シ易キ物ハ前項ノ催吿ヲ爲サスシテ之ヲ競賣スルコトヲ得

Perishable goods may be sold without the above mentioned notification.

前二項ノ規定ニ依リ賣主カ賣買ノ目的物ヲ競賣シタルトキハ其代價ヲ供託スルコトヲ要ス但其全部又ハ一部ヲ代金ニ充當スルコトヲ妨ケス

A seller who has sold the thing at public auction according to the provisions of the foregoing two paragraphs, must deposit the proceeds, without prejudice, however, to his right to appropriate the whole or a part of it as purchase money.

第二百八十七條　賣買ノ性質又ハ當事者ノ意思表示ニ依リ一定ノ日時又ハ一定ノ期間內ニ履行ヲ爲スニ非サレハ契約ヲ爲シタル目的ヲ達スルコト能ハサル場合ニ於テ當事者ノ一方カ履行ヲ爲サスシテ其時期ヲ經過シタルトキハ相手方ハ直チニ其履行ヲ請求スルニ非サレハ契約ノ解除ヲ爲シタルモノト看做ス

287.　If according to the nature of the sale or an intention expressed by the parties, the object of the sale can be accomplished only by performance at or within a certain time, and a party suffers such time to elapse without performing, the other party, unless he demands performance forthwith, is deemed to have rescinded the contract.

第二百八十八條　商人間ノ賣買ニ於テ買主カ其目的物ヲ受取リタルトキハ遲滯ナク之ヲ檢査シ若シ之ニ瑕疵アルコト又ハ其數量ニ不足アルコトヲ發見シタルトキハ直チニ賣主ニ對シテ其通知ヲ發スルニ非サレハ其瑕疵又ハ不足ニ因リテ契約ノ解除又ハ代金減額若クハ損害賠償ノ請求ヲ爲スコトヲ得ス賣買ノ目的物ニ直チニ發見スルコト能ハサル瑕疵アリタル場合ニ於テ買主カ六个月內ニ之ヲ發見シタルトキ亦同シ

288.　In a sale between traders the buyer must without delay after having received the thing sold, examine it, and when he discovers any defect or shortage in quantity in it, he can rescind the contract or demand the reduction of the price or damages on the ground of such defect or shortage only if he at once gives notice thereof to the seller. The same applies when a buyer discovers within six months defects in the thing sold which it was impossible to discover at once.

前項ノ規定ハ賣主ニ惡意アリタル場合ニハ之ヲ適用セス

These provisions do not apply in case of bad faith on the part of the seller.

第二百八十九條　前條ノ場合ニ於テ買主ハ契約ノ解除ヲ爲シタルトキト雖モ賣主ノ費用ヲ以テ賣買ノ目的物ヲ保管又ハ供託スルコトヲ要ス但其物ニ付キ滅失又ハ毀損ノ虞アルトキハ裁判所ノ許可ヲ得テ之ヲ競賣シ其代價ヲ保管又ハ供託スルコトヲ要ス

289.　In the case mentioned in the preceding article a buyer, even though he rescinds the contract, must at the expense of the seller keep safely or deposit the thing sold. If, however, there is danger of its being spoiled or damaged, he must sell it at public auction after obtaining the permission of the court, and must keep the proceeds safely or deposit them.

前項ノ規定ニ依リ買主カ競賣ヲ爲シタルトキハ遲滯ナク賣主ニ對シテ其通知ヲ發スルコトヲ要ス

When a buyer pursuant to the above mentioned provisions has sold at public auction, he must at once notify the seller thereof.

前二項ノ規定ハ賣主及ヒ買主ノ營業所、若シ營業所ナキトキハ其住所カ同市町村內ニ在ル場合ニハ之ヲ適用セス

The provisions of the foregoing two paragraphs do not apply when the places of business or, if there are no such, the domiciles of the buyer and seller are situated in the same city, town or village.

第二百九十條　前條ノ規定ハ賣主ヨリ買主ニ引渡シタル物品カ注文シタル物品ト異ナリタル場合ニ之ヲ準用ス其物品カ注文シタル數量ヲ超過シタル場合ニ於テ其超過額ニ付キ亦同シ

290.　The provisions of the preceding article apply correspondingly in case the goods delivered by the seller to the buyer are different from those ordered. If the goods exceed the quantity ordered, the same is the ease with respect to the excess amount.

第三章　交互計算

CHAPTER III. CURRENT ACCOUNT.

第二百九十一條　交互計算ハ商人間又ハ商人ト商人ニ非サル者トノ間ニ平常取引ヲ爲ス場合ニ於テ一定ノ期間內ノ取引ヨリ生スル債權債務ノ總額ニ付キ相殺ヲ爲シ其殘額ノ支拂ヲ爲スヘキコトヲ約スルニ因リテ其效力ヲ生ス

291.　A contract of current account is where two traders or a trader and a person other than a trader who are in regular business relations with each other, agree that the whole amount of the obligations arising from transactions between them within a determinate period shall be set off and the balance paid.

第二百九十二條　手形其他ノ商業證券ヨリ生シタル債權債務ヲ交互計算ニ組入レタル場合ニ於テ證券ノ債務者カ辨濟ヲ爲ササリシトキハ當事者ハ其債務ニ關スル項目ヲ交互計算ヨリ除去スルコトヲ得

292.　If an obligation arising from a bill or other commercial instilment, has been put into a current account, and the debtor on it does not make performance, the item relating to such obligation may be struck out from the account by the parties.

第二百九十三條　當事者カ相殺ヲ爲スヘキ期間ヲ定メサリシトキハ其期間ハ之ヲ六个月トス

293.　If the parties have not fixed the period to be covered by the set off, such period shall be six months.

第二百九十四條　當事者カ債權債務ノ各項目ヲ記載シタル計算書ノ承認ヲ爲シタルトキハ其各項目ニ付キ異議ヲ述フルコトヲ得ス但錯誤又ハ脫漏アリタルトキハ此限ニ在ラス

294.　After the parties have acknowledged an account containing all the items of the obligations, no objection can be made against a single item, except so far as there is a mistake or an omission.

第二百九十五條　相殺ニ因リテ生シタル殘額ニ付テハ債權者ハ計算閉鎖ノ日以後ノ法定利息ヲ請求スルコトヲ得

295.　Legal interest on the balance arising from the set off may be claimed by the creditor from the day when the final account was closed.

前項ノ規定ハ各項目ヲ交互計算ニ組入レタル日ヨリ之ニ利息ヲ附スルコトヲ妨ケス

These provisions do not affect the right to claim interest on each item from the day when it was entered in the current account.

第二百九十六條　各當事者ハ何時ニテモ交互計算ノ解除ヲ爲スコトヲ得此場合ニ於テハ直チニ計算ヲ閉鎖シテ殘額ノ支拂ヲ請求スルコトヲ得

296.　Either party may terminate the current account at any time. In such case he may close the account forthwith and require the balance to be paid.

第四章　匿名組合

CHAPTER IV. ANONYMOUS ASSOCIATION.

第二百九十七條　匿名組合契約ハ當事者ノ一方カ相手方ノ營業ノ爲メニ出資ヲ爲シ其營業ヨリ生スル利益ヲ分配スヘキコトヲ約スルニ因リテ其效力ヲ生ス

297.　A contract of anonymous association is where the parties agree that one of them shall make a contribution for the business of the other, and that the profits arising from such business shall be divided among them.

第二百九十八條　匿名組合員ノ出資ハ營業者ノ財產ニ歸ス

298.　The contribution of the anonymous member becomes the property of the active member.

匿名組合員ハ營業者ノ行爲ニ付キ第三者ニ對シテ權利義務ヲ有セス

The anonymous member has no rights or duties as to third persons with respect to the transactions of the active member.

第二百九十九條　匿名組合員カ其氏若クハ氏名ヲ營業者ノ商號中ニ用井又ハ其商號ヲ營業者ノ商號トシテ用ユルコトヲ許諾シタルトキハ其使用以後ニ生シタル債務ニ付テハ營業者ト連帶シテ其責ニ任ス

299.　If the anonymous member has agreed that his family name or full name be used in the trade name of the active member or that his trade name be used as the trade name of the active member, he is jointly liable with the latter for all obligations arising after such use has begun.

第三百條　出資カ損失ニ因リテ減シタルトキハ其塡補ノ後ニ非サレハ匿名組合員ハ利益ノ配當ヲ請求スルコトヲ得ス

300.　If his contribution has been reduced by losses, the anonymous member cannot claim any distribution of profits until such reduction has been made good.

第三百一條　組合契約ヲ以テ組合ノ存續期間ヲ定メサリシトキ又ハ或當事者ノ終身間組合ノ存續スヘキコトヲ定メタルトキハ各當事者ハ營業年度ノ終ニ於テ契約ノ解除ヲ爲スコトヲ得但六个月前ニ其豫吿ヲ爲スコトヲ要ス

301.　If the period of duration of the anonymous association has not been fixed by the contract of association or if it is determined that the association shall be for the life time of one of the parties, either party may terminate the contract at the end of any business year on a six months' notice.

組合ノ存續期間ヲ定メタルト否トヲ問ハス已ムコトヲ得サル事由アルトキハ各當事者ハ何時ニテモ契約ノ解除ヲ爲スコトヲ得

Whether the duration of the association has been fixed or not, either party may at any time terminate it for any unavoidable cause.

第三百二條　前條ニ揭ケタル場合ノ外組合契約ハ左ノ事由ニ因リテ終了ス

302.　In addition of the cases mentioned in the preceding ; article an anonymous association is terminated :--

一　組合ノ目的タル事業ノ成功又ハ其成功ノ不能

1.　When the business forming the object of the association has been completely accomplished, or its accomplishment is impossible ;

二　營業者ノ死亡又ハ禁治產

2.　By the death of the active member or by his being adjudged incompetent ;

三　營業者又ハ匿名組合員ノ破產

3.　By the bankruptcy of the active member or of the anonymous member.

第三百三條　組合契約カ終了シタルトキハ營業者ハ匿名組合員ニ其出資ノ價額ヲ返還スルコトヲ要ス但出資カ損失ニ因リテ減シタルトキハ其殘額ヲ返還スルヲ以テ足ル

303.　Upon the termination of the contract of association the active member must return to the anonymous member the amount of his contribution. If, however, that has been reduced by losses, only the remaining amount need be returned.

第三百四條　第百八條、第百十一條及ヒ第百十五條ノ規定ハ匿名組合員ニ之ヲ準用ス

304.　The provisions of Arts. 108, 111 and 115 apply correspondingly to an anonymous member.

第五章　仲立營業

CHAPTER V. BROKERAGE.

第三百五條　仲立人トハ他人間ノ商行爲ノ媒介ヲ爲スヲ業トスル者ヲ謂フ

305.　A broker is a person who undertakes as a business to negotiate commercial transactions as an intermediary between other persons.

第三百六條　仲立人ハ其媒介シタル行爲ニ付キ當事者ノ爲メニ支拂其他ノ給付ヲ受クルコトヲ得ス但別段ノ意思表示又ハ慣習アルトキハ此限ニ在ラス

306.　A broker is not entitled to receive on behalf of the parties payment or other prestations under a transaction negotiated by him unless there is a different intention expressed or a different custom exists.

第三百七條　仲立人カ其媒介スル行爲ニ付キ見本ヲ受取リタルトキハ其行爲カ完了スルマテ之ヲ保管スルコトヲ要ス

307.　If a sample is delivered to the broker for a transaction negotiated by him, he must keep it, until the transaction is completely finished.

第三百八條　當事者間ニ於テ行爲カ成立シタルトキハ仲立人ハ遲滯ナク各當事者ノ氏名又ハ商號、行爲ノ年月日及ヒ其要領ヲ記載シタル書面ヲ作リ署名ノ後之ヲ各當事者ニ交付スルコトヲ要ス

308.　After the transaction between the parties has come into existence, the broker must without delay make notes in writing containing the names or trade names of the parties, the date and the essential points of the transaction, and after signing them must deliver one to each party.

當事者カ直チニ履行ヲ爲スヘキ場合ヲ除ク外仲立人ハ各當事者ヲシテ前項ノ書面ニ署名セシメタル後之ヲ其相手方ニ交付スルコトヲ要ス

Except where the parties arc to perform forthwith, the broker must cause each party to sign the note above mentioned and must then deliver it to the other party.

前二項ノ場合ニ於テ當事者ノ一方カ書面ヲ受領セス又ハ之ニ署名セサルトキハ仲立人ハ遲滯ナク相手方ニ對シテ其通知ヲ發スルコトヲ要ス

If in the case of the foregoing two paragraphs a party does not accept or sign the note, the broker must without delay give notice thereof to the other party.

第三百九條　仲立人ハ其帳簿ニ前條第一項ニ揭ケタル事項ヲ記載スルコトヲ要ス

309.　A broker must enter in his books the particulars mentioned in Art. 308, 1.

當事者ハ何時ニテモ仲立人カ自己ノ爲メニ媒介シタル行爲ニ付キ其帳簿ノ謄本ノ交付ヲ請求スルコトヲ得

The parties may at any time require the broker to furnish them with a copy of any entry relating to the transaction negotiated for them.

第三百十條　當事者カ其氏名又ハ商號ヲ相手方ニ示ササルヘキ旨ヲ仲立人ニ命シタルトキハ仲立人ハ第三百八條第一項ノ書面及ヒ前條第二項ノ謄本ニ其氏名又ハ商號ヲ記載スルコトヲ得ス

310.　If a party has ordered the broker not to communicate his name or trade name to the other party, he must not enter such name or trade name in the documents mentioned in Art. 308, 1 and the copies mentioned in Art. 309, 2.

第三百十一條　仲立人カ當事者ノ一方ノ氏名又ハ商號ヲ其相手方ニ示ササリシトキハ之ニ對シテ自ラ履行ヲ爲ス責ニ任ス

311.　If the broker has not communicated the name or trade name of a party to the other party, he is himself liable to the latter for performance.

第三百十二條　仲立人ハ第三百八條ノ手續ヲ終ハリタル後ニ非サレハ報酬ヲ請求スルコトヲ得ス

312.　A commission can be claimed by the broker only after he has proceeded in the manner prescribed in Art. 308.

仲立人ノ報酬ハ當事者雙方平分シテ之ヲ負擔ス

Each party must bear an equal part of the broker's commission.

第六章　問屋營業

CHAPTER VI. COMMISON AGENCY.

第三百十三條　問屋トハ自己ノ名ヲ以テ他人ノ爲メニ物品ノ販賣又ハ買入ヲ爲スヲ業トスル者ヲ謂フ

313.　A commission agent is a person who undertakes as a business to sell or buy goods in his own name on account of others.

第三百十四條　問屋ハ他人ノ爲メニ爲シタル販賣又ハ買入ニ因リ相手方ニ對シテ自ラ權利ヲ得義務ヲ負フ

314.　The commission agent by a sale or purchase made on account of another acquires himself rights against the other party and becomes himself bound to him.

問屋ト委託者トノ間ニ於テハ本章ノ規定ノ外委任及ヒ代理ニ關スル規定ヲ準用ス

As between the commission agent and the mandator, beside the provisions of this chapter, the provisions relating to mandate and representation apply correspondingly.

第三百十五條　問屋ハ委託者ノ爲メニ爲シタル販賣又ハ買入ニ付キ相手方カ其債務ヲ履行セサル場合ニ於テ自ラ其履行ヲ爲ス責ニ任ス但別段ノ意思表示又ハ慣習アルトキハ此限ニ在ラス

315.　If in case of a sale or purchase made by the commission agent on account of his mandator, the other party does not perform his obligation, the commission agent is himself bound to perform in his place, unless a different intention is expressed or a different custom exists.

第三百十六條　問屋カ委託者ノ指定シタル金額ヨリ廉價ニテ販賣ヲ爲シ又ハ高價ニテ買入ヲ爲シタル場合ニ於テ自ラ其差額ヲ負擔スルトキハ其販賣又ハ買入ハ委託者ニ對シテ其效力ヲ生ス

316.　When a commission agent has made a sale for a lower price or a purchase for a higher price than that designated by the mandator, if the agent takes upon himself the difference, such sale or purchase takes effect as against the mandator.

第三百十七條　問屋カ取引所ノ相場アル物品ノ販賣又ハ買入ノ委託ヲ受ケタルトキハ自ラ買主又ハ賣主ト爲ルコトヲ得此場合ニ於テハ賣買ノ代價ハ問屋カ買主又ハ賣主ト爲リタルコトノ通知ヲ發シタル時ニ於ケル取引所ノ相場ニ依リテ之ヲ定ム

317.　A commission agent who has been ordered to sell or buy goods which have an exchange quotation, may himself be the buyer or seller. In such case the price to be paid is determined by the quotation of such goods on the exchange at the time when the commission agent gives notice of his being the buyer or seller.

前項ノ場合ニ於テモ問屋ハ委託者ニ對シテ報酬ヲ請求スルコトヲ得

A commission agent may even in such case charge a commission.

第三百十八條　問屋カ買入ノ委託ヲ受ケタル場合ニ於テ委託者カ買入レタル物品ヲ受取ルコトヲ拒ミ又ハ之ヲ受取ルコト能ハサルトキハ第二百八十六條ノ規定ヲ準用ス

318.　When a commission agent has been ordered to buy, if the mandator refuses or is unable to accept the goods bought, the provisions of Art. 286 apply correspondingly.

第三百十九條　第三十七條及ヒ第四十一條ノ規定ハ問屋ニ之ヲ準用ス

319.　The provisions of Arts. 37 and 41 apply correspondingly to commision agents.

第三百二十條　本章ノ規定ハ自己ノ名ヲ以テ他人ノ爲メニ販賣又ハ買入ニ非サル行爲ヲ爲スヲ業トスル者ニ之ヲ準用ス

320.　The provisions of this chapter apply correspondingly to a person who makes transactions other than sales or purchases as a business in his own name on account of another.

第七章　運送取扱營業

CHAPTER VII. FORWARDING AGENCY.

第三百二十一條　運送取扱人トハ自己ノ名ヲ以テ物品運送ノ取次ヲ爲スヲ業トスル者ヲ謂フ

321.　A forwarding agent is a person who undertakes as a business to forward goods in his own name.

運送取扱人ニハ本章ニ別段ノ定アル場合ヲ除ク外問屋ニ關スル規定ヲ準用ス

Unless otherwise provided in this chapter, the provisions relating to commission agents apply correspondingly to forwarding agents.

第三百二十二條　運送取扱人ハ自己又ハ其使用人カ運送品ノ受取、引渡、保管、運送人又ハ他ノ運送取扱人ノ選擇其他運送ニ關スル注意ヲ怠ラサリシコトヲ證明スルニ非サレハ運送品ノ滅失、毀損又ハ延著ニ付キ損害賠償ノ責ヲ免ルルコトヲ得ス

322.　A forwarding agent is exempted from damages for loss, damage or delay of the goods only if he proves that he and his assistants have not failed to use due care as to the receipt, delivery and safe keeping of the goods, to the choice of carriers or other forwarding agents and to the carriage of the goods.

第三百二十三條　運送取扱人カ運送品ヲ運送人ニ引渡シタルトキハ直チニ其報酬ヲ請求スルコトヲ得

323.　A forwarding agent is entitled to his commission as soon as he has delivered the goods to the carrier.

運送取扱契約ヲ以テ運送賃ノ額ヲ定メタルトキハ運送取扱人ハ特約アルニ非サレハ別ニ報酬ヲ請求スルコトヲ得ス

When the amount of freight to be paid is fixed by the contract of forwarding, the forwarding agent is not entitled to an additional commission, unless specially agreed upon.

第三百二十四條　運送取扱人ハ運送品ニ關シ受取ルヘキ報酬、運送賃其他委託者ノ爲メニ爲シタル立替又ハ前貸ニ付テノミ其運送品ヲ留置スルコトヲ得

324.　A forwarding agent may retain the goods delivered to him for forwarding only for the commission and freight due on such goods, and for disbursements and advance made for the mandator about them.

第三百二十五條　數人相次テ運送ノ取次ヲ爲ス場合ニ於テハ後者ハ前者ニ代ハリテ其權利ヲ行使スル義務ヲ負フ

325.　Where several persons are concerned successively in the forwarding of the goods, each subsequent agent is bound to exercise the rights of the prior agents in their places.

前項ノ場合ニ於テ後者カ前者ニ辨濟ヲ爲シタルトキハ前者ノ權利ヲ取得ス

In that case a subsequent agent who has made performance to an agent prior to him acquires the rights of the latter.

第三百二十六條　運送取扱人カ運送人ニ辨濟ヲ爲シタルトキハ運送人ノ權利ヲ取得ス

326.　A forwarding agent who makes performance to a carrier acquires the rights of the latter.

第三百二十七條　運送取扱人ハ特約ナキトキハ自ラ運送ヲ爲スコトヲ得此場合ニ於テハ運送取扱人ハ運送人ト同一ノ權利義務ヲ有ス

327.　Unless otherwise stipulated, a forwarding agent may himself undertake the carriage of the goods. In such case he has the same rights and duties as a carrier.

第三百二十八條　運送取扱人ノ責任ハ荷受人カ運送品ヲ受取リタル日ヨリ一年ヲ經過シタルトキハ時效ニ因リテ消滅ス

328.　The responsibility of a forwarding agent is extinguished by prescription after the expiration of one year from the day on which the goods were received by the consignee.

前項ノ期間ハ運送品ノ全部滅失ノ場合ニ於テハ其引渡アルヘカリシ日ヨリ之ヲ起算ス

In case of a total loss of the goods the period mentioned in the foregoing paragraph is computed from the day when the delivery of the goods should have taken place.

前二項ノ規定ハ運送取扱人ニ惡意アリタル場合ニハ之ヲ適用セス

The provisions of the foregoing two paragraphs do not apply where the forwarding agent acts in bad faith.

第三百二十九條　運送取扱人ノ委託者又ハ荷受人ニ對スル債權ハ一年ヲ經過シタルトキハ時效ニ因リテ消滅ス

329.　Obligations in favour of a forwarding agent against the mandator or the consignee are extinguished by prescription after the expiration of one year.

第三百三十條　第三百三十八條及ヒ第三百四十三條ノ規定ハ運送取扱營業ニ之ヲ準用ス

330.　The provisions of Arts. 338 and 343 apply correspondingly to forwarding agencies.

第八章　運送營業

CHAPTER VIII. CARRIAGE.

第三百三十一條　運送人トハ陸上又ハ湖川、港灣ニ於テ物品又ハ旅客ノ運送ヲ爲スヲ業トスル者ヲ謂フ

331.　A carrier is a person who undertakes as a business the carriage of goods or passengers by land, on inland seas or rivers or in ports or bays.

第一節　物品運送

SECTION I. CARRIAGE OF GOODS.

第三百三十二條　荷送人ハ運送人ノ請求ニ因リ運送狀ヲ交付スルコトヲ要ス

332.　If required by the carrier, the sender must furnish him with a way-bill.

運送狀ニハ左ノ事項ヲ記載シ荷送人之ニ署名スルコトヲ要ス

A way-bill must be signed by the sender and must contain the following particulars :

一　運送品ノ種類、重量又ハ容積及ヒ其荷造ノ種類、個數竝ニ記號

1.　The nature of the goods sent, their weight or bulk, and the nature of the packages, their number and markings ;

二　到達地

2.　The place of destination ;

三　荷受人ノ氏名又ハ商號

3.　The name or trade name of the consignee ;

四　運送狀ノ作成地及ヒ其作成ノ年月日

4.　The place where, and the time when the waybill is made out.

第三百三十三條　運送人ハ荷送人ノ請求ニ因リ貨物引換證ヲ交付スルコトヲ要ス

333.　If required by the sender, the carrier must furnish him with a bill of lading.

貨物引換證ニハ左ノ事項ヲ記載シ運送人之ニ署名スルコトヲ要ス

A bill of lading must be signed by the carrier and must contain the following particulars :

一　前條第二項第一號乃至第三號ニ揭ケタル事項

1.　Those mentioned in Art. 332, 2, Nos. 1--3 ;

二　荷送人ノ氏名又ハ商號

2.　The name or the trade name of the sender ;

三　運送賃

3.　The freight ;

四　貨物引換證ノ作成地及ヒ其作成ノ年月日

4.　The place where, and the time when the bill of lading is made out.

第三百三十四條　貨物引換證ヲ作リタルトキハ運送ニ關スル事項ハ運送人ト所持人トノ間ニ於テハ貨物引換證ノ定ムル所ニ依ル

334.　When a bill of lading has been made, matters relating to the carriage, as between the carrier and the holder of the bill, are governed by the provisions of the bill.

第三百三十五條　裏書ニ依リテ貨物引換證ヲ讓渡シタルトキハ運送品ノ讓渡ト同一ノ效力ヲ有ス

335.　The assignment of a bill of lading by endorsement has the same effect as the assignment of the goods themselves.

第三百三十六條　運送品ノ全部又ハ一部カ不可抗力ニ因リテ滅失シタルトキハ運送人ハ其運送賃ヲ請求スルコトヲ得ス若シ運送人カ旣ニ其運送賃ノ全部又ハ一部ヲ受取リタルトキハ之ヲ返還スルコトヲ要ス

336.　If the whole or a portion of the goods arc destroyed by vis major, the carrier cannot in so far claim payment of the freight. If he has already received the freight wholly or partly, he must return it.

運送品ノ全部又ハ一部カ其性質若クハ瑕疵又ハ荷送人ノ過失ニ因リテ滅失シタルトキハ運送人ハ運送賃ノ全額ヲ請求スルコトヲ得

If the whole or a portion of the goods are destroyed by reason of their nature or defects or by the fault of the sender, the carrier may claim the whole amount of the freight.

第三百三十七條　運送人ハ自己若クハ運送取扱人又ハ其使用人其他運送ノ爲メ使用シタル者カ運送品ノ受取、引渡、保管及ヒ運送ニ關シ注意ヲ怠ラサリシコトヲ證明スルニ非サレハ運送品ノ滅失、毀損又ハ延著ニ付キ損害賠償ノ責ヲ免ルルコトヲ得ス

337.　A carrier is exempted from damages for loss, damage or delay of the goods only if he proves that he, the forwarding agent, his or the agent's assistants and other persons employed in the carriage have not failed to use due care as to the receipt, delivery, safe keeping and carriage of the goods.

第三百三十八條　貨幣、有價證券其他ノ高價品ニ付テハ荷送人カ運送ヲ委託スルニ當タリ其種類及ヒ價額ヲ明吿シタルニ非サレハ運送人ハ損害賠償ノ責ニ任セス

338.　As to specie, securities and other valuables, a carrier is not liable for damages, unless the sender at the time when he charged him with their carriage, made a clear declaration of their nature and value.

第三百三十九條　數人相次テ運送ヲ爲ス場合ニ於テハ各運送人ハ運送品ノ滅失、毀損又ハ延著ニ付キ連帶シテ損害賠償ノ責ニ任ス

339.　When several carriers undertake the carriage of goods successively, they are jointly liable for damages from the loss, damage or delay of the goods.

第三百四十條　運送品ノ全部滅失ノ場合ニ於ケル損害賠償ノ額ハ其引渡アルヘカリシ日ニ於ケル到達地ノ價格ニ依リテ之ヲ定ム

340.　The measure of damages in the case of a total loss of the goods is determined by the value which they would have had at the place of destination on the day when they should have been delivered.

運送品ノ一部滅失又ハ毀損ノ場合ニ於ケル損害賠償ノ額ハ其引渡アリタル日ニ於ケル到達地ノ價格ニ依リテ之ヲ定ム但延著ノ場合ニ於テハ前項ノ規定ヲ準用ス

The measure of damages in the case of a partial loss of, or damage to the goods, is determined by the value which they had at the place of destination on the day when they were delivered. In case of delay, however, the provisions of the first paragraph apply correspondingly.

運送品ノ滅失又ハ毀損ノ爲メ支拂フコトヲ要セサル運送賃其他ノ費用ハ前二項ノ賠償額ヨリ之ヲ控除ス

Freight and other expenses which need not be paid in consequence of the loss of, or damage to the goods are to be deducted from the amount of damages to be paid under the provisions of the foregoing two paragraphs.

第三百四十一條　運送品カ運送人ノ惡意又ハ重大ナル過失ニ因リテ滅失又ハ毀損シタルトキハ運送人ハ一切ノ損害ヲ賠償スル責ニ任ス

341.　If goods are lost or damaged by the bad faith or gross negligence of the carrier, he is liable for full damages.

第三百四十二條　荷送人又ハ貨物引換證ノ所持人ハ運送人ニ對シ運送ノ中止、運送品ノ返還其他ノ處分ヲ請求スルコトヲ得此場合ニ於テハ運送人ハ旣ニ爲シタル運送ノ割合ニ應スル運送賃、立替金及ヒ其處分ニ因リテ生シタル費用ノ辨濟ヲ請求スルコトヲ得

342.　The sender or the holder of a bill of lading may require the carrier to stop the carriage, to return the goods or to make any other disposition of them. In such case the carrier has a claim against the sender for payment of the freight in proportion to the carriage already performed, for his disbursements and for all expenses occasioned by any such disposition.

前項ニ定メタル荷送人ノ權利ハ運送品カ到達地ニ達シタル後荷受人カ其引渡ヲ請求シタルトキハ消滅ス

The right of the sender as specified in the foregoing paragraph is extinguished when the consignee after the arrival of the goods at the place of destination has demanded their delivery.

第三百四十三條　運送品カ到達地ニ達シタル後ハ荷受人ハ運送契約ニ因リテ生シタル荷送人ノ權利ヲ取得ス

343.　After the goods have arrived at the place of destination, the consignee acquires the rights of the sender arising from the contract of carriage.

荷受人カ運送品ヲ受取リタルトキハ運送人ニ對シ運送賃其他ノ費用ヲ支拂フ義務ヲ負フ

After the consignee has accepted the goods, he is bound to the carrier to pay him the freight and other expenses.

第三百四十四條　貨物引換證ヲ作リタル場合ニ於テハ之ト引換ニ非サレハ運送品ノ引渡ヲ請求スルコトヲ得ス

344.　When a bill of lading has been made, delivery of the goods can only be demanded on the surrender of the bill of lading.

第三百四十五條　荷受人ヲ確知スルコト能ハサルトキハ運送人ハ運送品ヲ供託スルコトヲ得

345.　If the consignee cannot be ascertained, the carrier may deposit the goods.

前項ノ場合ニ於テ運送人カ荷送人ニ對シ相當ノ期間ヲ定メ運送品ノ處分ニ付キ指圖ヲ爲スヘキ旨ヲ催吿スルモ荷送人カ其指圖ヲ爲ササルトキハ運送品ヲ競賣スルコトヲ得

If in the case of the foregoing paragraph, although the carrier has notified the sender to give his orders as to the disposal of the goods within a reasonable time fixed by the carrier, the sender nevertheless does not give such orders, the carrier may sell the goods by public auction.

運送人カ前二項ノ規定ニ從ヒテ運送品ノ供託又ハ競賣ヲ爲シタルトキハ遲滯ナク荷送人ニ對シテ其通知ヲ發スルコトヲ要ス

A carrier who has made a deposit or a public auction according to the provisions of the foregoing two paragraphs must without delay give notice thereof to the sender.

第三百四十六條　前條ノ規定ハ運送品ノ引渡ニ關シテ爭アル場合ニ之ヲ準用ス

346.　The provisions of the preceding article apply correspondingly where a dispute has arisen as to the delivery of the goods.

運送人カ競賣ヲ爲スニハ豫メ荷受人ニ對シ相當ノ期間ヲ定メテ運送品ノ受取ヲ催吿シ其期間經過ノ後更ニ荷送人ニ對スル催吿ヲ爲スコトヲ要ス

When the carrier is to sell the goods by auction, he must previously notify the consignee to accept the goods within a proper time fixed by him, after which time he must again notify the sender.

運送人ハ遲滯ナク荷受人ニ對シテモ運送品ノ供託又ハ競賣ノ通知ヲ發スルコトヲ要ス

The carrier must without delay give notice of the deposit or public auction of the goods to the consignee also.

第三百四十七條　第二百八十六條第二項及ヒ第三項ノ規定ハ前二條ノ場合ニ之ヲ準用ス

347.　The provisions of Art. 286, 2 and 3 apply correspondingly in the cases mentioned in the preceding two articles.

第三百四十八條　運送人ノ責任ハ荷受人カ留保ヲ爲サスシテ運送品ヲ受取リ且運送賃其他ノ費用ヲ支拂ヒタルトキハ消滅ス但運送品ニ直チニ發見スルコト能ハサル毀損又ハ一部滅失アリタル場合ニ於テ荷受人カ引渡ノ日ヨリ二週間內ニ運送人ニ對シテ其通知ヲ發シタルトキハ此限ニ在ラス

348.　The responsibility of a carrier ceases when the consignee has accepted the goods without reservation and paid the freight and the other expenses. But this does not apply, if in the case of damage to or a partial loss of the goods which could not have been discovered at once, notice thereof is given to the carrier within two weeks from the day of delivery.

前項ノ規定ハ運送人ニ惡意アリタル場合ニハ之ヲ適用セス

The provisions of the foregoing paragraph do not apply if the carrier has acted in bad faith.

第三百四十九條　第三百二十四條、第三百二十五條、第三百二十八條及ヒ第三百二十九條ノ規定ハ運送人ニ之ヲ準用ス

349.　The provisions of Arts. 324, 325, 328 and 329 apply correspondingly to carriers.

第二節　旅客運送

SECTION II. CARRIAGE OF PASSENGERS.

第三百五十條　旅客ノ運送人ハ自己又ハ其使用人カ運送ニ關シ注意ヲ怠ラサリシコトヲ證明スルニ非サレハ旅客カ運送ノ爲メニ受ケタル損害ヲ賠償スル責ヲ免ルルコトヲ得ス

350.　A carrier of passengers is exempted from liability to indemnify a passenger for any damage which the passenger may have received by reason of the carriage only if he proves that he and his assistants have not failed to use due care as to the carriage.

損害賠償ノ額ヲ定ムルニ付テハ裁判所ハ被害者及ヒ其家族ノ情況ヲ斟酌スルコトヲ要ス

In determining the measure of damages the court is to take into consideration the station in life of the person injured and of the members of his house.

第三百五十一條　旅客ノ運送人ハ旅客ヨリ引渡ヲ受ケタル手荷物ニ付テハ特ニ運送賃ヲ請求セサルトキト雖モ物品ノ運送人ト同一ノ責任ヲ負フ

351.　The liability of a carrier of passengers for luggage which has been delivered to him by a passenger is the same as that of a carrier of goods, even though he did not make a separate charge for it.

手荷物カ到達地ニ達シタル日ヨリ一週間內ニ旅客カ其引渡ヲ請求セサルトキハ第二百八十六條ノ規定ヲ準用ス但住所又ハ居所ノ知レサル旅客ニハ催吿及ヒ通知ヲ爲スコトヲ要セス

If the passenger does not call for his luggage within one week from the day when it arrives at the place of destination, the provisions of Art. 286 apply correspondingly, but a notification or notice need not be given to a passenger whose domicile or residence is unknown.

第三百五十二條　旅客ノ運送人ハ旅客ヨリ引渡ヲ受ケサル手荷物ノ滅失又ハ毀損ニ付テハ自己又ハ其使用人ニ過失アル場合ヲ除ク外損害賠償ノ責ニ任セス

352.　As to loss of or damage to a passenger's luggage , which has not been delivered to the carrier, the latter is liable for damages only so far as he himself or his assistants are chargeable with fault.

第九章　寄託

CHAPTER IX. DEPOSIT.

第一節　總則

SECTION I. GENERAL PROVISIONS.

第三百五十三條　商人カ其營業ノ範圍內ニ於テ寄託ヲ受ケタルトキハ報酬ヲ受ケサルトキト雖モ善良ナル管理者ノ注意ヲ爲スコトヲ要ス

353.　A trader who in the course of his business receives a deposit, must use the diligence of a good manager, even though he does not receive any compensation for it.

第三百五十四條　旅店、飮食店、浴場其他客ノ來集ヲ目的トスル場屋ノ主人ハ客ヨリ寄託ヲ受ケタル物品ノ滅失又ハ毀損ニ付キ其不可抗力ニ因リタルコトヲ證明スルニ非サレハ損害賠償ノ責ヲ免ルルコトヲ得ス

354.　An innkeeper, a restaurant keeper, a keeper of a bathing establishment or a keeper of any place the business of which is the entertainment of guests is exempted from liability for loss of or damage to the things which he receives in deposit from his guests only if he proves that such loss or damage was occasioned by vis major.

客カ特ニ寄託セサル物品ト雖モ場屋中ニ携帶シタル物品カ場屋ノ主人又ハ其使用人ノ不注意ニ因リテ滅失又ハ毀損シタルトキハ場屋ノ主人ハ損害賠償ノ責ニ任ス

When things are lost or damaged which a guest has brought with him to any of the places above mentioned, even though they are not things specially deposited with the keeper, the latter is liable for damages, if the loss or damage is caused by the carelessness of himself or of his assistants.

客ノ携帶品ニ付キ責任ヲ負ハサル旨ヲ吿示シタルトキト雖モ場屋ノ主人ハ前二項ノ責任ヲ免ルルコトヲ得ス

The keeper of any such place cannot free himself from the liability provided in the foregoing two paragraphs by a notification that he would not be liable for things brought by the guests.

第三百五十五條　貨幣、有價證券其他ノ高價品ニ付テハ客カ其種類及ヒ價額ヲ明吿シテ之ヲ前條ノ場屋ノ主人ニ寄託シタルニ非サレハ其場屋ノ主人ハ其物品ノ滅失又ハ毀損ニ因リテ生シタル損害ヲ賠償スル責ニ任セス

355.　For damages arising from the loss of or damage to specie, securities or other valuables a keeper of any of the places mentioned in the preceding article is liable only if the guest deposits them with him clearly stating their nature and value.

第三百五十六條　前二條ノ責任ハ場屋ノ主人カ寄託物ヲ返還シ又ハ客カ携帶品ヲ持去リタル後一年ヲ經過シタルトキハ時效ニ因リテ消滅ス

356.　The liability specified in the preceding two articles is extinguished by prescription after the expiration of one year from the day when the keeper of the place has returned the things deposited or the guest has taken away with him the things which he brought.

前項ノ期間ハ物品ノ全部滅失ノ場合ニ於テハ客カ場屋ヲ去リタル時ヨリ之ヲ起算ス

In case of a total loss of such things the period of one year is computed from the day when the guest left the place.

前二項ノ規定ハ場屋ノ主人ニ惡意アリタル場合ニハ之ヲ適用セス

The provisions of the foregoing two paragraphs do not apply in case of bad faith on the part of the keeper.

第二節　倉庫營業

SECTION II. WAREHOUSING.

第三百五十七條　倉庫營業者トハ他人ノ爲メニ物品ヲ倉庫ニ保管スルヲ業トスル者ヲ謂フ

357.　A warehouseman is a person who undertakes as a business to receive goods for storage in a warehouse for others.

第三百五十八條　倉庫營業者ハ寄託者ノ請求ニ因リ寄託物ノ預證券及ヒ質入證券ヲ交付スルコトヲ要ス

358.　If required by the depositor, the warehouseman must furnish him with a warehouse receipt and an instrument of pledge for the goods deposited.

第三百五十九條　預證券及ヒ質入證券ニハ左ノ事項及ヒ番號ヲ記載シ倉庫營業者之ニ署名スルコトヲ要ス

359.　The warehouse receipt and the instrument of pledge must have a serial number and be signed by the warehouseman. They must contain the following particulars:

一　受寄物ノ種類、品質、數量及ヒ其荷造ノ種類、個數竝ニ記號

1.　The nature of the goods received, their quality and weight and the nature of the packages as well as their numbers and markings ;

二　寄託者ノ氏名又ハ商號

2.　The name or the trade name of the depositor ;

三　保管ノ場所

3.　The place of storage ;

四　保管料

4.　The charge for storage ;

五　保管ノ期間ヲ定メタルトキハ其期間

5.　The period for which the goods are to be stored, if that has been fixed ;

六　受寄物ヲ保險ニ付シタルトキハ保險金額、保險期間及ヒ保險者ノ氏名又ハ商號

6.　If the goods received for storage are insured, the amount of the insurance, its time limit and the name or trade name of the underwriter ;

七　證券ノ作成地及ヒ其作成ノ年月日

7.　The place where, and the date when the instruments were made.

第三百六十條　倉庫營業者カ預證券及ヒ質入證券ヲ寄託者ニ交付シタルトキハ其帳簿ニ左ノ事項ヲ記載スルコトヲ要ス

360.　When a werehouseman has delivered to the depositor a warehouse receipt and an instrument of pledge, he must enter the following particulars in his books :--

一　前條第一號、第二號及ヒ第四號乃至第六號ニ揭ケタル事項

1.　Those specified in Art. 359, Nos. 1,2 and 4--6 ;

二　證券ノ番號及ヒ其作成ノ年月日

2.　The numbers of the instruments and the date when they were made.

第三百六十一條　預證券及ヒ質入證券ノ所持人ハ倉庫營業者ニ對シ寄託物ヲ分割シ且其各部分ニ對スル預證券及ヒ質入證券ノ交付ヲ請求スルコトヲ得此場合ニ於テハ所持人ハ前ノ預證券及ヒ質入證券ヲ倉庫營業者ニ返還スルコトヲ要ス

361.　The holder of a warehouse receipt and of an instrument of pledge may require the warehouseman to divide the goods deposited and to furnish him with a separate warehouse receipt and instrument of pledge for each part. In such case the holder must return the original warehouse receipt and instrument of pledge to the warehouseman.

前項ニ定メタル寄託物ノ分割及ヒ證券ノ交付ニ關スル費用ハ所持人之ヲ負擔ス

The expense of such division and of the furnishing of the new receipts and instruments of pledge is to be borne by the holder.

第三百六十二條　預證券及ヒ質入證券ヲ作リタルトキハ寄託ニ關スル事項ハ倉庫營業者ト所持人トノ間ニ於テハ其證券ノ定ムル所ニ依ル

362.　When a warehouse receipt and an instrument of pledge have been made, as between the warehouseman and the holder, the facts relating to the deposit are governed by the terms of those instruments.

第三百六十三條　預證券及ヒ質入證券ヲ作リタルトキハ寄託物ニ關スル處分ハ其證券ヲ以テスルニ非サレハ之ヲ爲スコトヲ得ス

363.　When a warehouse receipt and an instrument of pledge have been made, the goods deposited can be disposed of only by means of those instruments.

第三百六十四條　預證券及ヒ質入證券ハ其記名式ナルトキト雖モ裏書ニ依リテ之ヲ讓渡シ又ハ之ヲ質入スルコトヲ得但證券ニ裏書ヲ禁スル旨ヲ記載シタルトキハ此限ニ在ラス

364.　A warehouse receipt and an instrument of pledge, although issued to a named creditor, may be assigned or pledged by indorsement, unless indorsement is forbidden in the instrument itself.

預證券ノ所持人カ未タ質入ヲ爲ササル間ハ預證券及ヒ質入證券ハ各別ニ之ヲ讓渡スコトヲ得ス

So long as the holder has not yet made a pledge, the warehouse receipt and the instrument of pledge cannot be assigned separately.

第三百六十五條　第三百三十五條ノ規定ハ預證券ニ之ヲ準用ス

365.　The provisions of Art. 335 apply correspondingly to warehouse receipts.

第三百六十六條　預證券又ハ質入證券カ滅失シタルトキハ其所持人ハ相當ノ擔保ヲ供シテ更ニ其證券ノ交付ヲ請求スルコトヲ得此場合ニ於テハ倉庫營業者ハ其旨ヲ帳簿ニ記載スルコトヲ要ス

366.　If the warehouse receipt or the instrument of pledge has been lost, the holder may require the warehouseman to furnish him with a new one, provided he gives proper security. In such case the warehouseman must enter the fact in his books.

第三百六十七條　質入證券ニ第一ノ質入裏書ヲ爲スニハ債權額、其利息及ヒ辨濟期ヲ記載スルコトヲ要ス

367.　In making the first indorsement of pledge in the instrument of pledge the amount of the obligation, the interest to be paid on it and the time of performance must be entered.

第一ノ質權者カ前項ニ揭ケタル事項ヲ預證券ニ記載シテ之ニ署名スルニ非サレハ質權ヲ以テ第三者ニ對抗スルコトヲ得ス

The first pledgee can set up his right of pledge against third persons only if he has noted the facts above mentioned upon the warehouse receipt with his signature.

第三百六十八條　質入證券ノ所持人カ辨濟期ニ至リ支拂ヲ受ケサルトキハ手形ニ關スル規定ニ從ヒテ拒絕證書ヲ作ラシムルコトヲ要ス

368.　A holder of an instrument of pledge who has not received payment by the time of maturity, must have a protest made in conformity with the provisions relating to bills.

第三百六十九條　質入證券ノ所持人ハ拒絕證書作成ノ日ヨリ一週間ヲ經過シタル後ニ非サレハ寄託物ノ競賣ヲ請求スルコトヲ得ス

369.　A holder of an instrument of pledge cannot require the goods to be sold by public auction before one week has elapsed from the day of the making of the protest.

第三百七十條　倉庫營業者ハ競賣代金ノ中ヨリ競賣ニ關スル費用、受寄物ニ課スヘキ租稅、保管料其他保管ニ關スル費用及ヒ立替金ヲ控除シタル後其殘額ヲ質入證券ト引換ニ其所持人ニ支拂フコトヲ要ス

370.　The warehouseman after deducting from the proceeds of the auction of the goods the expenses of the auction, the taxes assessed on the goods, the charge for storage and other expenses relating to the storage as well as disbursements, must pay the remaining amount to the holder of the instrument of pledge upon its surrender.

競賣代金ノ中ヨリ前項ニ揭ケタル費用、租稅、保管料、立替金及ヒ質入證券所持人ノ債權額、利息、拒絕證書作成ノ費用ヲ控除シタル後餘剩アルトキハ倉庫營業者ハ之ヲ預證券ト引換ニ其所持人ニ支拂フコトヲ要ス

If a surplus remains after deducting from the proceeds of the auction such expenses, taxes, charges and disbursements as are mentioned in the foregoing paragraph and also the amount of the obligation in favour of the holder of the instrument of pledge with interest and the costs of the protest, the warehouseman must pay it to the holder of the warehouse receipt upon its surrender.

第三百七十一條　競賣代金ヲ以テ質入證券ニ記載シタル債權ノ全部ヲ辨濟スルコト能ハサリシトキハ倉庫營業者ハ其支拂ヒタル金額ヲ質入證券ニ記載シテ其證券ヲ返還シ且其旨ヲ帳簿ニ記載スルコトヲ要ス

371.　If the proceeds of the auction are not sufficient to perform the whole of the obligation entered in the instrument of pledge, the warehouseman must enter the amount paid in the instrument of pledge and return it, and make an entry thereof in his books.

第三百七十二條　質入證券ノ所持人ハ先ツ寄託物ニ付キ辨濟ヲ受ケ尙ホ不足アルトキハ債務者其他ノ裏書人ニ對シテ其不足額ヲ請求スルコトヲ得

372.　The holder of an instrument of pledge must receive performance in the first place out of the goods deposited, and only in case such performance is not sufficient, can he claim the missing amount against the debtor and the other indorsers.

第三百七十三條　質入證券ノ所持人カ辨濟期ニ至リ支拂ヲ受ケサリシ場合ニ於テ拒絕證書ヲ作ラシメサリシトキ又ハ拒絕證書作成ノ日ヨリ二週間內ニ寄託物ノ競賣ヲ請求セサリシトキハ裏書人ニ對スル請求權ヲ失フ

373.　If the holder of an instrument of pledge who has not received payment by the day of maturity, omits to have a protest made, or if he does not apply for the sale of the goods by public auction within two weeks from the day of protest, he loses his claim against the indorsers.

第三百七十四條　債務者其他ノ裏書人ニ對スル質入證券所持人ノ請求權ハ辨濟期ヨリ一年間之ヲ行ハサルトキハ時效ニ因リテ消滅ス

374.　The claim of a holder of an instrument of pledge against the debtor and the other indorsers is extinguished by prescription, if it is not exercised for one year from the day of maturity.

第三百七十五條　寄託者又ハ預證券ノ所持人ハ營業時間內何時ニテモ倉庫營業者ニ對シテ寄託物ノ㸃檢若クハ其見本ノ摘出ヲ求メ又ハ其保存ニ必要ナル處分ヲ爲スコトヲ得

375.　A depositor or a holder of a warehouse receipt may at any time during business hours demand against the warehouseman the inspection of the goods or the delivery of samples to him, or may make any dispositions necessary for the preservation of the goods.

質入證券ノ所持人ハ營業時間內何時ニテモ倉庫營業者ニ對シテ寄託物ノ㸃檢ヲ求ムルコトヲ得

A holder of an instrument of pledge may at any time during business hours demand against the warehouseman the inspection of the goods.

第三百七十六條　倉庫營業者ハ自己又ハ其使用人カ受寄物ノ保管ニ關シ注意ヲ怠ラサリシコトヲ證明スルニ非サレハ其滅失又ハ毀損ニ付キ損害賠償ノ責ヲ免ルルコトヲ得ス

376.　A warehouseman is exempted from damages for the loss of or damage to the goods deposited only if he proves that he himself and his assistants have not failed to use due care about their safe keeping.

第三百七十七條　倉庫營業者ハ受寄物出庫ノ時ニ非サレハ報酬及ヒ立替金其他受寄物ニ關スル費用ノ支拂ヲ請求スルコトヲ得ス但受寄物ノ一部出庫ノ場合ニ於テハ割合ニ應シテ其支拂ヲ請求スルコトヲ得

377.　A warehouseman can demand payment of his charges, disbursements and other expenses relating to the goods deposited only at the time when those goods are taken out of the warehouse. If only a part of the goods arc taken out, he may demand the payment of a proportional amount.

第三百七十八條　當事者カ保管ノ期間ヲ定メサリシトキハ倉庫營業者ハ受寄物入庫ノ日ヨリ六个月ヲ經過シタル後ニ非サレハ其返還ヲ爲スコトヲ得ス但已ムコトヲ得サル事由アルトキハ此限ニ在ラス

378.　If the parties have not fixed the period of storage, a warehouseman is not entitled to return the goods before six months have elapsed from the day when they were brought into the warehouse, unless an unavoidable cause exists for doing so.

第三百七十九條　預證券及ヒ質入證券ヲ作リタル場合ニ於テハ之ト引換ニ非サレハ寄託物ノ返還ヲ請求スルコトヲ得ス

379.　When a warehouse receipt and an instrument of pledge have been made, the return of the goods can only be demanded on the surrender of those instruments.

第三百八十條　預證券ノ所持人ハ質入證券ニ記載シタル債權ノ辨濟期前ト雖モ其債權ノ全額及ヒ辨濟期マテノ利息ヲ倉庫營業者ニ供託シテ寄託物ノ返還ヲ請求スルコトヲ得

380.　A holder of a warehouse receipt may even before the obligation entered in the instrument of pledge is due, deposit with the warehouseman the whole amount of such obligation together with interest to the day of performance and require the goods deposited to be returned to him.

前項ノ規定ニ從ヒテ供託シタル金額ハ質入證券ト引換ニ之ヲ其所持人ニ支拂フコトヲ要ス

The amount thus deposited must be paid to the holder of the instrument of pledge upon its surrender.

第三百八十一條　第二百八十六條ノ規定ハ寄託者又ハ預證券ノ所持人カ寄託物ヲ受取ルコトヲ拒ミ又ハ之ヲ受取ルコト能ハサル場合ニ之ヲ準用ス

381.　When a depositor or a holder of a warehouse receipt refuses or is unable to receive the goods deposited, the provisions of Art. 286 apply correspondingly.

第三百八十二條　第三百四十八條ノ規定ハ倉庫營業者ニ之ヲ準用ス

382.　The provisions of Art. 348 apply correspondingly to warehousemen.

第三百八十三條　寄託物ノ滅失又ハ毀損ニ因リテ生シタル倉庫營業者ノ責任ハ出庫ノ日ヨリ一年ヲ經過シタルトキハ時效ニ因リテ消滅ス

383.　The liability of a warehouseman for the loss of or damage to the goods deposited is extinguished by prescription after the expiration of one year from the day when the goods were taken out of the warehouse.

前項ノ期間ハ寄託物ノ全部滅失ノ場合ニ於テハ倉庫營業者カ預證券ノ所持人、若シ其所持人カ知レサルトキハ寄託者ニ對シテ其滅失ノ通知ヲ發シタル日ヨリ之ヲ起算ス

In the case of a total loss of the goods the period mentioned in the foregoing paragraph is computed from the day when the warehouseman gives notice thereof to the holder of the warehouse receipt, or if that person is not known, to the depositor.

前二項ノ規定ハ倉庫營業者ニ惡意アリタル場合ニハ之ヲ適用セス

The provisions of the foregoing two paragraphs do not apply in case of bad faith on the part of the warehouseman.

第十章　保險

CHAPTER X. INSURANCE.

第一節　損害保險

SECTION I. INSURANCE AGAINST LOSS.

第一款　總則

SUBSECTION I. GENERAL PROVISIONS.

第三百八十四條　損害保險契約ハ當事者ノ一方カ偶然ナル一定ノ事故ニ因リテ生スルコトアルヘキ損害ヲ塡補スルコトヲ約シ相手方カ之ニ其報酬ヲ與フルコトヲ約スルニ因リテ其效力ヲ生ス

384.　A contract of insurance against loss is where one party agrees to indemnify the other for a loss which may result from a certain contingent event, and the other party agrees to pay him a premium therefor.

第三百八十五條　保險契約ハ金錢ニ見積ルコトヲ得ヘキ利益ニ限リ之ヲ以テ其目的ト爲スコトヲ得

385.　Only an interest capable of being estimated in money can become the subject of a contract of insurance.

第三百八十六條　保險金額カ保險契約ノ目的ノ價額ニ超過シタルトキハ其超過シタル部分ニ付テハ保險契約ハ無效トス

386.　If the sum insured exceeds the value of the subject of the insurance, the contract of insurance is invalid as to the excess.

第三百八十七條　同一ノ目的ニ付キ同時ニ數箇ノ保險契約ヲ爲シタル場合ニ於テ其保險金額カ保險價額ニ超過シタルトキハ各保險者ノ負擔額ハ其各自ノ保險金額ノ割合ニ依リテ之ヲ定ム

387.　If two or more contracts of insurance are made simultaneously on the same subject, and the sums insured exceed the value of the subject, the amount falling to the charge of each underwriter is in proportion to the sum insured by him.

數箇ノ保險契約ノ日附カ同一ナルトキハ其契約ハ同時ニ爲シタルモノト推定ス

When the dates of two or more contracts of insurance are the same, they are presumed to have been made simultaneously.

第三百八十八條　相次テ數箇ノ保險契約ヲ爲シタルトキハ前ノ保險者先ツ損害ヲ負擔シ若シ其負擔額カ損害ノ全部ヲ塡補スルニ足ラサルトキハ後ノ保險者之ヲ負擔ス

388.　If two or more contracts of insurance are made successively, a prior underwriter is first liable for the loss. If the amount falling to his charge is not sufficient to cover the whole loss, the next following underwriter is liable for it.

第三百八十九條　保險價額ノ全部ヲ保險ニ付シタル後ト雖モ左ノ場合ニ限リ更ニ保險契約ヲ爲スコトヲ得

389.　After the whole insurable interest is insured, an additional contract of insurance may be made only in the following cases :--

一　前ノ保險者ニ對スル權利ヲ後ノ保險者ニ讓渡スコトヲ約シタルトキ

1.　If it is agreed that the right against the prior underwriter shall be assigned to the new underwriter ;

二　前ノ保險者ニ對スル權利ノ全部又ハ一部ヲ抛棄スヘキコトヲ後ノ保險者ニ約シタルトキ

2.　If it is agreed with the new underwriter that the right against the prior underwriter shall be wholly or partly renounced ;

三　前ノ保險者カ損害ノ塡補ヲ爲ササルコトヲ條件トシタルトキ

3.　If the new contract is on the condition that the prior underwriter does not indemnify for the loss.

第三百九十條　同時ニ又ハ相次テ數箇ノ保險契約ヲ爲シタル場合ニ於テ保險者ノ一人ニ對スル權利ノ抛棄ハ他ノ保險者ノ權利義務ニ影響ヲ及ホサス

390.　If two or more contracts of insurance are made simultaneously or successively, a renunciation of the right against one of the underwriters does not affect the rights of the others.

第三百九十一條　保險價額ノ一部ヲ保險ニ付シタル場合ニ於テハ保險者ノ負擔ハ保險金額ノ保險價額ニ對スル割合ニ依リテ之ヲ定ム

391.　If a part of the insurable interest is insured, the liability of the underwriter is determined by the proportion of the sum insured to the value of the insurable interest.

第三百九十二條　保險價額カ保險期間中著シク減少シタルトキハ保險契約者ハ保險者ニ對シテ保險金額及ヒ保險料ノ減額ヲ請求スルコトヲ得但保險料ノ減額ハ將來ニ向テノミ其效力ヲ生ス

392.　If during the period of insurance the insurable interest is substantially diminished, the insurer may require the underwriter to reduce the sum insured and the premium. The reduction of the premium, however, takes effect only for the future.

第三百九十三條　保險者カ塡補スヘキ損害ノ額ハ其損害カ生シタル地ニ於ケル其時ノ價額ニ依リテ之ヲ定ム

393.　The amount of the loss to be indemnified for by the underwriter is determined by the value at the place where and the time when the loss occurred.

前項ノ損害額ヲ計算スルニ必要ナル費用ハ保險者之ヲ負擔ス

The expenses necessary for the adjustment of such loss are to be borne by the underwriter.

第三百九十四條　當事者カ保險價額ヲ定メタルトキハ保險者ハ其價額ノ著シク過當ナルコトヲ證明スルニ非サレハ其塡補額ノ減少ヲ請求スルコトヲ得ス

394.　If the parties have fixed the insurable interest, the underwriter can demand a reduction of the amount of indemnity only if he proves that such interest is substantially too high.

第三百九十五條　戰爭其他ノ變亂ニ因リテ生シタル損害ハ特約アルニ非サレハ保險者之ヲ塡補スル責ニ任セス

395.　Unless specially agreed, the underwriter is not liable for loss happening by reason of war or civil commotion.

第三百九十六條　保險ノ目的ノ性質若クハ瑕疵、其自然ノ消耗又ハ保險契約者若クハ被保險者ノ惡意若クハ重大ナル過失ニ因リテ生シタル損害ハ保險者之ヲ塡補スル責ニ任セス

396.　An underwriter is not liable for loss caused by the nature or the defects of the subject of the insurance, by its natural waste, or by the bad faith or gross negligence of the insurer or the insured.

第三百九十七條　保險契約ノ當時當事者ノ一方又ハ被保險者カ事故ノ生セサルヘキコト又ハ旣ニ生シタルコトヲ知レルトキハ其契約ハ無效トス

397.　If at the time of making an insurance contract one of the parties to the contract or the insured knows that the event will not happen, or that it has already happened, such contract is invalid.

第三百九十八條　保險契約ノ當時保險契約者カ惡意又ハ重大ナル過失ニ因リ重要ナル事實ヲ吿ケス又ハ重要ナル事項ニ付キ不實ノ事ヲ吿ケタルトキハ其契約ハ無效トス但保險者カ其事實ヲ知リ又ハ之ヲ知ルコトヲ得ヘカリシトキハ此限ニ在ラス

398.　If at the time of making the insurance contract, the insurer by bad faith or gross negligence omits to disclose material facts or makes false statements in regard to material facts, the contract, is invalid, unless the underwriter knows or ought to know such facts.

第三百九十九條　保險契約ノ全部又ハ一部カ無效ナル場合ニ於テ保險契約者及ヒ被保險者カ善意ニシテ且重大ナル過失ナキトキハ保險者ニ對シテ保險料ノ全部又ハ一部ノ返還ヲ請求スルコトヲ得

399.　When the contract of insurance is wholly or partly invalid, the insurer and the insured, provided they acted in good faith and without gross negligence, may require the underwriter to return the whole or a part of the premium paid, as the case may be.

第四百條　保險契約ノ當事者カ特別ノ危險ヲ斟酌シテ保險料ノ額ヲ定メタル場合ニ於テ保險期間中其危險カ消滅シタルトキハ保險契約者ハ將來ニ向テ保險料ノ減額ヲ請求スルコトヲ得

400.　When the parties to the insurance contract in fixing the amount of the premium took into consideration a particular risk, if such risk ceases to exist during the continuance of the insurance, the insurer may claim that the premium be reduced for the future.

第四百一條　保險契約ハ他人ノ爲メニモ之ヲ爲スコトヲ得此場合ニ於テハ保險契約者ハ保險者ニ對シ保險料ヲ支拂フ義務ヲ負フ

401.　A contract of insurance may be made on behalf of another. In such case the insurer is bound to the underwriter to pay the premium.

第四百二條　保險契約者カ委任ヲ受ケスシテ他人ノ爲メニ契約ヲ爲シタル場合ニ於テ其旨ヲ保險者ニ吿ケサルトキハ其契約ハ無效トス若シ之ヲ吿ケタルトキハ被保險者ハ當然其契約ノ利益ヲ享受ス

402.　If an insurer who made a contract of insurance on behalf of another without having a mandate to do so, did not inform the underwriter of such fact, the contract is invalid. If he did inform the underwriter thereof, the insured has the benefit of the contract at once.

第四百三條　保險者ハ保險契約者ノ請求ニ因リ保險證券ヲ交付スルコトヲ要ス

403.　The underwriter must, if required by the insurer, furnish him with a policy of insurance.

保險證券ニハ左ノ事項ヲ記載シ保險者之ニ署名スルコトヲ要ス

The policy, which is to be signed by the underwriter, must contain :

一　保險ノ目的

1.　The subject of the insurance ;

二　保險者ノ負擔シタル危險

2.　The risk taken by the underwriter ;

三　保險價額ヲ定メタルトキハ其價額

3.　The value of the insurable interest, if that has been fixed ;

四　保險金額

4.　The sum insured ;

五　保險料及ヒ其支拂ノ方法

5.　The amount of the premium and the manner of its payment ;

六　保險期間ヲ定メタルトキハ其始期及ヒ終期

6.　If the duration of the insurance has been fixed, the time of its commencement and of its end ;

七　保險契約者ノ氏名又ハ商號

7.　The name or the trade name of the insurer ;

八　保險契約ノ年月日

8.　The date of the contract of insurance ;

九　保險證券ノ作成地及ヒ其作成ノ年月日

9.　The place where and the date when the policy was made.

第四百四條　被保險者カ保險ノ目的ヲ讓渡シタルトキハ同時ニ保險契約ニ因リテ生シタル權利ヲ讓渡シタルモノト推定ス

404.　If the insured assigns the subject of the insurance, he is presumed at the same time to have assigned his rights under the contract of insurance.

前項ノ場合ニ於テ保險ノ目的ノ讓渡カ著シク危險ヲ變更又ハ增加シタルトキハ保險契約ハ其效力ヲ失フ

If in such case the risk is considerably altered or increased by the assignment of the subject of insurance, the contract of insurance becomes invalid.

第四百五條　保險者カ破產ノ宣吿ヲ受ケタルトキハ保險契約者ハ相當ノ擔保ヲ供セシメ又ハ契約ノ解除ヲ爲スコトヲ得

405.　If an underwriter is adjudged bankrupt, the insurer may require proper security to be given him or may rescind the contract.

前項ノ場合ニ於テ保險契約者カ契約ノ解除ヲ爲シタルトキハ其解除ハ將來ニ向テノミ其效力ヲ生ス

If in such case the insurer rescinds the contract, such rescission takes effect for the future only.

前二項ノ規定ハ保險契約者カ破產ノ宣吿ヲ受ケタル場合ニ之ヲ準用ス但保險契約者カ旣ニ保險料ノ全部ヲ支拂ヒタルトキハ此限ニ在ラス

The provisions of the foregoing two paragraphs apply correspondingly, if an insurer is adjudged bankrupt, unless he has already paid 'the whole amount of the premium.

第四百六條　他人ノ爲メニ保險契約ヲ爲シタル場合ニ於テ保險契約者カ破產ノ宣吿ヲ受ケタルトキハ保險者ハ被保險者ニ對シテ保險料ヲ請求スルコトヲ得但被保險者カ其權利ヲ抛棄シタルトキハ此限ニ在ラス

406.　If an insurer who made a contract of insurance on behalf of another is adjudged bankrupt, the underwriter may require the insured to pay the premium, unless the insured renounces his rights.

第四百七條　保險者ノ責任カ始マル前ニ於テハ保險契約者ハ契約ノ全部又ハ一部ノ解除ヲ爲スコトヲ得

407.　Until the responsibility of the underwriter begins, the insurer may rescind the contract wholly or partly.

第四百八條　保險者ノ責任カ始マル前ニ於テ保險契約者又ハ被保險者ノ行爲ニ因ラスシテ保險ノ目的ノ全部又ハ一部ニ付キ保險者ノ負擔ニ歸スヘキ危險カ生セサルニ至リタルトキハ保險者ハ保險料ノ全部又ハ一部ヲ返還スルコトヲ要ス

408.　If before the responsibility of the underwriter begins, it becomes, otherwise than by an act of the insurer or the insured, impossible for the risk assumed by the underwriter to arise as to the whole or a part of the subject of insurance, the underwriter must refund the whole or a part of the premium, as the case may be.

第四百九條　前二條ノ場合ニ於テハ保險者ハ其返還スヘキ保險料ノ半額ニ相當スル金額ヲ請求スルコトヲ得

409.　In the cases mentioned in the preceding two articles the underwriter is entitled to a sum equal to one half of the premium to be refunded.

第四百十條　保險期間中危險カ保險契約者又ハ被保險者ノ責ニ歸スヘキ事由ニ因リテ著シク變更又ハ增加シタルトキハ保險契約ハ其效力ヲ失フ

410.　If during the continuance of the insurance the risk is substantially altered or increased by a cause imputable to the insurer or the insured, the contract of insurance becomes invalid.

第四百十一條　保險期間中危險カ保險契約者又ハ被保險者ノ責ニ歸スヘカラサル事由ニ因リテ著シク變更又ハ增加シタルトキハ保險者ハ契約ノ解除ヲ爲スコトヲ得但其解除ハ將來ニ向テノミ其效力ヲ生ス

411.　If during the continuance of the insurance the risk is substantially altered or increased by a cause not imputable to the insurer or insured, the underwriter may rescind the contract. Such rescission, however, takes effect only for the future.

前項ノ場合ニ於テ保險契約者又ハ被保險者カ危險ノ著シク變更又ハ增加シタルコトヲ知リタルトキハ遲滯ナク之ヲ保險者ニ通知スルコトヲ要ス若シ其通知ヲ怠リタルトキハ保險者ハ危險ノ變更又ハ增加ノ時ヨリ保險契約カ其效力ヲ失ヒタルモノト看做スコトヲ得

In such case the insurer or the insured must after he had knowledge of the risk having substantially altered or increased, without delay give notice thereof to the underwriter. If he omits to do so, the underwriter may consider the contract of insurance as having become invalid from the time when such alteration or increase of the risk took place.

保險者カ前項ノ通知ヲ受ケ又ハ危險ノ變更若クハ增加ヲ知リタル後遲滯ナク契約ノ解除ヲ爲ササルトキハ其契約ヲ承認シタルモノト看做ス

If the underwriter after receiving the notice above mentioned or obtaining knowledge of the alteration or increase of the risk does not rescind the contract without delay, he is deemed to have confirmed it.

第四百十二條　保險者ノ負擔シタル危險ノ發生ニ因リテ損害カ生シタル場合ニ於テ保險契約者又ハ被保險者カ其損害ノ生シタルコトヲ知リタルトキハ遲滯ナク保險者ニ對シテ其通知ヲ發スルコトヲ要ス

412.　When a loss occurs from the happening of the risk assumed by the underwriter, the insurer or the insured must after he had knowledge of such loss, without delay give notice thereof to the underwriter.

第四百十三條　保險ノ目的ニ付キ保險者ノ負擔スヘキ損害カ生シタルトキハ其後ニ至リ其目的カ保險者ノ負擔セサル危險ノ發生ニ因リテ滅失シタルトキト雖モ保險者ハ其損害ヲ塡補スル責ヲ免ルルコトヲ得ス

413.　When a loss occurs to the subject of the insurance for which the underwriter is liable, he cannot become free from his liability for such loss even though the subject of the insurance is afterwards destroyed by the happening of a risk for which he would not be liable.

第四百十四條　被保險者ハ損害ノ防止ヲ力ムルコトヲ要ス但之カ爲メニ必要又ハ有益ナリシ費用及ヒ塡補額カ保險金額ニ超過スルトキト雖モ保險者之ヲ負擔ス

414.　The insured must use due care to prevent a loss, but even though the necessary or useful expenses and disbursements made for that purpose exceed the sum insured, the underwriter is bound to reimburse him.

第三百九十一條ノ規定ハ前項但書ノ場合ニ之ヲ準用ス

In the case of the foregoing proviso the provisions of Art. 391 apply correspondingly.

第四百十五條　保險ノ目的ノ全部カ滅失シタル場合ニ於テ保險者カ保險金額ノ全部ヲ支拂ヒタルトキハ被保險者カ其目的ニ付キ有セル權利ヲ取得ス但保險價額ノ一部ヲ保險ニ付シタル場合ニ於テハ保險者ノ權利ハ保險金額ノ保險價額ニ對スル割合ニ依リテ之ヲ定ム

415.　When the subject of the insurance is totally lost, if the underwriter pays the whole of the sum insured, he acquires the rights of the insured as to the subject of the insurance. If, however, only a part of the insurable interest was insured, the rights of the underwriter are determined by the proportion of the sum insured to the insurable interest.

第四百十六條　損害カ第三者ノ行爲ニ因リテ生シタル場合ニ於テ保險者カ被保險者ニ對シ其負擔額ヲ支拂ヒタルトキハ其支拂ヒタル金額ノ限度ニ於テ保險契約者又ハ被保險者カ第三者ニ對シテ有セル權利ヲ取得ス

416.　If loss has occurred by the act of a third person, the underwriter on paying the whole amount due to the insured acquires the rights of the insurer or of the insured against such third person up to the limit of the amount paid by him.

保險者カ被保險者ニ對シ其負擔額ノ一部ヲ支拂ヒタルトキハ保險契約者又ハ被保險者ノ權利ヲ害セサル範圍內ニ於テノミ前項ニ定メタル權利ヲ行フコトヲ得

If the underwriter has paid a part of the amount due to the insured, he can exercise the right mentioned in the preceding paragraph only so far as the right of the insurer or the insured is not injured thereby.

第四百十七條　保險金額支拂ノ義務ハ二年保險料支拂ノ義務ハ一年ヲ經過シタルトキハ時效ニ因リテ消滅ス

417.　The liability to pay the sum insured is extinguished by prescription after two years have elapsed, and the liability to pay the premium after one year.

第四百十八條　本節ノ規定ハ相互保險ニ之ヲ準用ス但其性質カ之ヲ許ササルトキハ此限ニ在ラス

418.　The provisions of this section apply correspondingly to mutual insurance, so far as they are not inconsistent with its nature.

第二款　火災保險

SUBSECTION II. INSURANCE AGAINST FIRE.

第四百十九條　火災ニ因リテ生シタル損害ハ其火災ノ原因如何ヲ問ハス保險者之ヲ塡補スル責ニ任ス但第三百九十五條及ヒ第三百九十六條ノ場合ハ此限ニ在ラス

419.　The underwriter is bound to indemnify for any loss caused by fire, irrespective of its origin. This, however, does not apply to the cases mentioned in Arts. 395 and 396.

第四百二十條　消防又ハ避難ニ必要ナル處分ニ因リ保險ノ目的ニ付キ生シタル損害ハ保險者之ヲ塡補スル責ニ任ス

420.　The underwriter is bound to indemnify for any loss caused to the subject of the insurance by necessary measures used for extinguishing or averting the fire.

第四百二十一條　賃借人其他他人ノ物ヲ保管スル者カ其支拂フコトアルヘキ損害賠償ノ爲メ其物ヲ保險ニ付シタルトキハ所有者ハ保險者ニ對シテ直接ニ其損害ノ塡補ヲ請求スルコトヲ得

421.　If a hirer or any person who keeps a thing for another has insured the thing to cover his liability for any damages which he may be bound to pay, the owner has a direct claim against the underwriter for such indemnity.

第四百二十二條　火災保險證券ニハ第四百三條第二項ニ揭ケタル事項ノ外左ノ事項ヲ記載スルコトヲ要ス

422.　In addition to the particulars specified in Art. 403, 2 a policy of fire insurance must contain :--

一　保險ニ付シタル建物ノ所在、構造及ヒ用方

1.　The locality, construction and manner of use of the building insured ;

二　動產ヲ保險ニ付シタルトキハ之ヲ納ルル建物ノ所在、構造及ヒ用方

2.　If a movable is insured, the locality, construction and manner of use of the building in which it is contained.

第三款　運送保險

SUBSECTION III. INSURANCE ON CARRIAGE.

第四百二十三條　保險者ハ特約ナキトキハ運送人カ運送品ヲ受取リタル時ヨリ之ヲ荷受人ニ引渡ス時マテニ生スルコトアルヘキ損害ヲ塡補スル責ニ任ス

423.　Unless otherwise agreed upon, the insurer is bound to indemnify any loss which the goods in transit might sustain from the time when they are received by the carrier, until they are delivered to the consignee.

第四百二十四條　運送品ノ保險ニ付テハ發送ノ地及ヒ時ニ於ケル其價額及ヒ到達地マテノ運送賃其他ノ費用ヲ以テ保險價額トス

424.　In case of the insurance of goods in transit the insurable interest is the value of the goods at the place and time of sending plus the freight to the place of destination and other expenses.

運送品ノ到達ニ因リテ得ヘキ利益ハ特約アルトキニ限リ之ヲ保險價額中ニ算入ス

Profits to be made by the arrival of the goods are included in the insurable interest only if there is an express agreement to that effect.

第四百二十五條　運送保險證券ニハ第四百三條第二項ニ揭ケタル事項ノ外左ノ事項ヲ記載スルコトヲ要ス

425.　In addition to the particulars specified in Art. 403, 2 a policy of insurance on carriage must contain :--

一　運送ノ道筋及ヒ方法

1.　The route and the manner of the carriage ;

二　運送人ノ氏名又ハ商號

2.　The name or the trade name of the carrier ;

三　運送品ノ受取及ヒ引渡ノ場所

3.　The place where the goods are to be received and delivered ;

四　運送期間ノ定アルトキハ其期間

4.　If a period is fixed for the carriage, such period.

第四百二十六條　保險契約ハ特約アルニ非サレハ運送上ノ必要ニ因リ一時運送ヲ中止シ又ハ運送ノ道筋若クハ方法ヲ變更シタルトキト雖モ其效力ヲ失ハス

426.　Unless otherwise agreed upon, a contract of insurance on carriage does not become invalid, if by some necessity connected with the carriage, such carriage is interrupted for a time, or the route or manner of carriage is changed.

第二節　生命保險

SECTION II. INSURANCE ON LIFE.

第四百二十七條　生命保險契約ハ當事者ノ一方カ相手方又ハ第三者ノ生死ニ關シ一定ノ金額ヲ支拂フヘキコトヲ約シ相手方カ之ニ其報酬ヲ與フルコトヲ約スルニ因リテ其效力ヲ生ス

427.　A contract of life insurance is where one party agrees to pay a certain sum of money dependent upon the life or death of the other party or of a third person, and the other party agrees to pay him a premium therefor.

第四百二十八條　保險金額ヲ受取ルヘキ者ハ被保險者、其相續人又ハ親族ナルコトヲ要ス

428.　The person who is to receive the sum insured, must be the insured, his heir or a relative of his.

保險契約ニ因リテ生シタル權利ハ被保險者ノ親族ニ限リ之ヲ讓受クルコトヲ得

The rights arising from a contract of insurance can be acquired by assignment only by a relative of the insured.

保險金額ヲ受取ルヘキ者カ死亡シタルトキ又ハ被保險者ト保險金額ヲ受取ルヘキ者トノ親族關係カ止ミタルトキハ保險契約者ハ更ニ保險金額ヲ受取ルヘキ者ヲ定メ又ハ被保險者ノ爲メニ積立テタル金額ノ拂戾ヲ請求スルコトヲ得

If the person who is to receive the sum insured, dies, or if the relationship between the insured and the person who is to receive the sum insured terminates, the insurer may appoint another person to receive the sum insured, or he may require the amount accumulated on account of the insured to be paid back.

保險契約者カ前項ニ定メタル權利ヲ行ハスシテ死亡シタルトキハ被保險者ヲ以テ保險金額ヲ受取ルヘキ者トス

If the insurer dies without having exercised the aforementioned right, the insured is to receive the sum insured.

第四百二十九條　保險契約ノ當時保險契約者又ハ被保險者カ惡意又ハ重大ナル過失ニ因リ重要ナル事實ヲ吿ケス又ハ重要ナル事項ニ付キ不實ノ事ヲ吿ケタルトキハ其契約ハ無效トス但保險者カ其事實ヲ知リ又ハ之ヲ知ルコトヲ得ヘカリシトキハ此限ニ在ラス

429.　If at the time of making the contract of insurance, the insurer or the insured by bad faith or gross negligence omits to disclose material facts or makes false statements in regard to material facts, the contract is invalid, unless the underwriter knows or ought to know such facts.

第四百三十條　生命保險證券ニハ第四百三條第二項ニ揭ケタル事項ノ外左ノ事項ヲ記載スルコトヲ要ス

430.　In addition to the particulars specified in Art. 403, 2 a policy of life insurance must contain :--

一　保險契約ノ種類

1.　The nature of the contract of insurance ;

二　被保險者ノ氏名

2.　The name of the insured ;

三　保險金額ヲ受取ルヘキ者ヲ定メタルトキハ其者ノ氏名及ヒ其者ト被保險者トノ親族關係

3.　If a person who is to receive the sum insured has been determined, the name of such person and the relationship between him and the insured.

第四百三十一條　左ノ場合ニ於テハ保險者ハ保險金額ヲ支拂フ責ニ任セス

431.　The underwriter is not bound to pay the sum insured :--

一　被保險者カ自殺、決鬪其他ノ犯罪又ハ死刑ノ執行ニ因リテ死亡シタルトキ

1.　If the death of the insured occurs in consequence of suicide or of a duel or another criminal act or by the execution of capital punishment ;

二　保險金額ヲ受取ルヘキ者カ故意ニテ被保險者ヲ死ニ致シタルトキ但其者カ保險金額ノ一部ヲ受取ルヘキ場合ニ於テハ保險者ハ其殘額ヲ支拂フ責ヲ免ルルコトヲ得ス

2.　If the person who is to receive the sum insured has wilfully occassioned the death of the insured. If, however, such person was to receive only a part of the sum, the underwriter remains liable for the payment of the rest.

前項第一號ノ場合ニ於テハ保險者ハ被保險者ノ爲メニ積立テタル金額ヲ拂戾スコトヲ要ス

In the case mentioned under No. 1 the underwriter must pay back the amount accumulated on account of the insured.

第四百三十二條　保險契約者又ハ保險金額ヲ受取ルヘキ者カ被保險者ノ死亡シタルコトヲ知リタルトキハ遲滯ナク保險者ニ對シテ其通知ヲ發スルコトヲ要ス

432.　When the insurer or the person who is to receive the sum insured had knowledge of the death of the insured, he must without delay give notice thereof to the underwriter.

第四百三十三條　第三百九十五條、第三百九十七條、第三百九十九條乃至第四百一條、第四百三條第一項、第四百五條乃至第四百七條、第四百十條、第四百十一條、第四百十七條及ヒ第四百十八條ノ規定ハ生命保險ニ之ヲ準用ス

433.　The provisions of Arts. 395, 397, 399--401, 403, 1, 405--407, 410, 411, 417 and 418 apply correspondingly to life insurances.

第三百九十五條、第四百五條、第四百七條、第四百十條及ヒ第四百十一條ノ場合ニ於テ保險者カ保險金額ヲ支拂フコトヲ要セサルトキハ被保險者ノ爲メニ積立テタル金額ヲ拂戾スコトヲ要ス

When in the cases mentioned in Arts. 395, 405, 407, 410 and 411 the underwriter need not pay the sum insured, he must pay back the amount accumulated on account of the insured.

第四編　手形

BOOK IV. BILLS.

第一章　總則

CHAPTER I. GENERAL PROVISIONS.

第四百三十四條　本法ニ於テ手形トハ爲替手形、約束手形及ヒ小切手ヲ謂フ

434.　Bills in the sense of this law are bills of exchange, promissory notes and cheques.

第四百三十五條　手形ニ署名シタル者ハ其手形ノ文言ニ從ヒテ責任ヲ負フ

435.　A person who puts his signature upon a bill is liable thereon according to the tenor of such bill.

第四百三十六條　代理人カ本人ノ爲メニスルコトヲ記載セスシテ手形ニ署名シタルトキハ本人ハ手形上ノ責任ヲ負フコトナシ

436.　If a representative puts his signature upon a bill without indicating that he is acting on behalf of the principal, the latter is not liable on the bill.

第四百三十七條　僞造又ハ變造シタル手形ニ署名シタル者ハ其僞造又ハ變造シタル手形ノ文言ニ從ヒテ責任ヲ負フ

437.　A person who puts his signature upon a forged or an altered bill is liable according to the tenor of such forged or altered bill.

變造シタル手形ニ署名シタル者ハ變造前ニ署名シタルモノト推定ス

It is presumed that a person who has signed an altered bill has done so before the alteration was made.

僞造者、變造者及ヒ惡意又ハ重大ナル過失ニ因リ僞造又ハ變造シタル手形ヲ取得シタル者ハ手形上ノ權利ヲ有セス

A person who has forged or altered a bill, and any person who has acquired in bad faith or with gross negligence a forged or altered bill, has no rights under the bill.

第四百三十八條　無能力者カ手形ヨリ生シタル債務ヲ取消シタルトキト雖モ他ノ手形上ノ權利義務ニ影響ヲ及ホサス

438.　Even though the obligation of an incapacitated person arising on a bill is rescinded, the other rights and duties under the bill are not affected thereby.

第四百三十九條　本編ニ規定ナキ事項ハ之ヲ手形ニ記載スルモ手形上ノ效力ヲ生セス

439.　If matters not provided in this Book are inserted in a bill, they have no effect under the bill.

第四百四十條　手形ノ債務者ハ本編ニ規定ナキ事由ヲ以テ手形上ノ請求ヲ爲ス者ニ對抗スルコトヲ得ス但直接ニ之ニ對抗スルコトヲ得ヘキ事由ハ此限ニ在ラス

440.　A debtor on a bill cannot set up against a person who makes a claim under the bill any defence not provided in this Book ; but this does not apply to defences available directly against the claimant.

第四百四十一條　何人ト雖モ惡意又ハ重大ナル過失ナクシテ手形ヲ取得シタル者ニ對シ其手形ノ返還ヲ請求スルコトヲ得ス

441.　A claim for the surrender of a bill cannot be made against any person who has acquired it without bad faith or gross negligence.

第四百四十二條　手形ノ引受又ハ支拂ヲ求ムル爲メニスル呈示、拒絕證書ノ作成其他手形上ノ權利ノ行使又ハ保全ニ付キ利害關係人ニ對シテ爲スヘキ行爲ハ其營業所、若シ營業所ナキトキハ其住所又ハ居所ニ於テ之ヲ爲スコトヲ要ス但其者ノ承諾アルトキハ他ノ場所ニ於テ之ヲ爲スコトヲ妨ケス

442.　Presentation of a bill for acceptance or payment, protest and all other acts to be done against a person concerned in order to exercise or maintain a right under a bill, must be done at the place of business or, if there is none, at the domicile or residence of such person. If, however, such person gives his consent, the act may be done at any other place.

利害關係人ノ營業所、住所又ハ居所カ知レサルトキハ拒絕證書ヲ作ルヘキ公證人又ハ執達吏ハ其地ノ官署又ハ公署ニ問合ヲ爲スコトヲ要ス若シ問合ヲ爲スモ營業所、住所又ハ居所カ知レサルトキハ其役場又ハ官署若クハ公署ニ於テ拒絕證書ヲ作ルコトヲ得

If the place of business, the domicile or the residence of the person concerned is unknown, the notary or bailiff by whom the protest is to be made must ascertain it by applying to the Government or local authorities on the spot. If it cannot be ascertained in that manner, he may make the protest at his office or at the office of the said authorities.

第四百四十三條　引受人又ハ約束手形ノ振出人ニ對スル債權ハ滿期日ヨリ三年所持人ノ其前者ニ對スル償還請求權ハ支拂拒絕證書作成ノ日ヨリ六个月裏書人ノ其前者ニ對スル償還請求權ハ償還ヲ爲シタル日ヨリ六个月ヲ經過シタルトキハ時效ニ因リテ消滅ス

443.　Obligations existing against on acceptor or against the maker of a promissory note are extinguished by prescription after three years from the day of maturity, the right of recourse of the holder against the prior parties after six months from the day of the protest for non-payment, and the right of recourse of an indorser against the prior parties after six months from the day when he himself made payment on recourse taken against him.

第四百四十四條　手形ヨリ生シタル債權カ時效又ハ手續ノ欠缺ニ因リテ消滅シタルトキト雖モ所持人ハ振出人又ハ引受人ニ對シ其受ケタル利益ノ限度ニ於テ償還ノ請求ヲ爲スコトヲ得

444.　Even though an obligation under a bill is extinguished by prescription or by the omission of some proceeding, the holder is nevertheless entitled to recourse against the drawer or the acceptor to the extent to which they have been enriched.

第二章　爲替手形

CHAPTER IL BILLS OF EXCHANGE. SECTION I.

第一節　振出

THE DRAWING OF A BILL OF EXCHANGE.

第四百四十五條　爲替手形ニハ左ノ事項ヲ記載シ振出人之ニ署名スルコトヲ要ス

445.　A bill of exchange must be signed by the drawer and must contain the following particulars:

一　其爲替手形タルコトヲ示スヘキ文字

1.　The designation of it as a bill of exchange ;

二　一定ノ金額

2.　A sum certain ;

三　支拂人ノ氏名又ハ商號

3.　The name or the trade name of the drawee ;

四　受取人ノ氏名又ハ商號

4.　The name or the trade name of the payee ;

五　單純ナル支拂ノ委託

5.　An absolute order to pay ;

六　振出ノ年月日

6.　The date of the drawing ;

七　一定ノ滿期日

7.　A day certain of maturity ;

八　支拂地

8.　The place of payment.

第四百四十六條　爲替手形ノ主タル部分ニ記載シタル金額カ他ノ部分ニ記載シタル金額ト異ナルトキハ主タル部分ニ記載シタル金額ヲ以テ手形金額トス

446.　If the sum mentioned in the principal part of a bill is different from a sum mentioned in another part, the sum mentioned in the principal part is the sum due on the bill.

第四百四十七條　振出人ハ自己ヲ受取人又ハ支拂人ト定ムルコトヲ得

447.　A person may draw a bill payable to himself, or a bill upon himself.

第四百四十八條　振出人ハ爲替手形ニ其支拂地ニ於ケル豫備支拂人ヲ記載スルコトヲ得

448.　The drawer may name in the bill a referee in case of need at the place of payment.

第四百四十九條　爲替手形ハ其金額三十圓以上ノモノニ限リ之ヲ無記名式ト爲スコトヲ得

449.　A bill can be drawn payable to bearer only if the sum payable is thirty yen or more.

第四百五十條　滿期日ハ左ニ揭ケタル種類ノ一タルコトヲ要ス

450.　The maturity must be :--

一　確定セル日

1.　On a fixed day, or

二　日附後確定セル期間ヲ經過シタル日

2.　On a fixed day after date, or

三　一覽ノ日

3.　At sight, or

四　一覽後確定セル期間ヲ經過シタル日

4.　On a fixed day after sight.

第四百五十一條　振出人カ爲替手形ニ滿期日ヲ記載セサリシトキハ一覽ノ日ヲ以テ其爲替手形ノ滿期日トス

451.　When the drawer has not specified in the bill the day of maturity, it is payable at sight.

第四百五十二條　振出人カ爲替手形ニ支拂地ヲ記載セサリシトキハ其爲替手形ニ記載シタル支拂人ノ住所地ヲ以テ其支拂地トス

452.　When the drawer has not specified in the bill the place of payment, the place of the domicile of the drawee as stated in the bill is the place of payment.

第四百五十三條　支拂地カ支拂人ノ住所地ト異ナルトキハ他人ヲ以テ支拂擔當者トシテ爲替手形ニ記載スルコトヲ得

453.　If the place of payment is different from the place of the domicile of the drawee, another person may be named in the bill to make payment in his place.

第四百五十四條　振出人ハ爲替手形ニ其支拂地ニ於ケル支拂ノ場所ヲ記載スルコトヲ得

454.　The drawer may specify in the bill at what particular place in the place of payment it is to be paid.

第二節　裏書

SECTION II. INDORSEMENT.

第四百五十五條　爲替手形ハ其記名式ナルトキト雖モ裏書ニ依リテ之ヲ讓渡スコトヲ得但振出人カ裏書ヲ禁スル旨ヲ記載シタルトキハ此限ニ在ラス

455.　A bill of exchange, even though issued to a named creditor, may be transferred by indorsement, unless it is forbidden by the drawer in the bill.

第四百五十六條　振出人、引受人又ハ裏書人カ裏書ニ依リテ爲替手形ヲ讓受ケタルトキハ更ニ裏書ニ依リテ之ヲ讓渡スコトヲ得

456.　A drawer, acceptor or indorser who acquires the bill by indorsement may again transfer it by indorsement.

第四百五十七條　裏書ハ爲替手形、其謄本又ハ補箋ニ被裏書人ノ氏名又ハ商號及ヒ裏書ノ年月日ヲ記載シ裏書人署名スルニ依リテ之ヲ爲ス

457.　An indorsement is made by writing the name or trade name of the indorsee and the date of the indorsement on the bill, a copy thereof or an alonge with the indorser's signature.

裏書ハ裏書人ノ署名ノミヲ以テ之ヲ爲スコトヲ得此場合ニ於テハ爾後爲替手形ハ引渡ノミニ依リテ之ヲ讓渡スコトヲ得

An indorsement may also be made by the mere signature of the indorser. In such case further transfers may be made by mere delivery of the bill.

第四百五十八條　裏書人ハ裏書ヲ爲スニ當タリ支拂地ニ於ケル豫備支拂人ヲ記載スルコトヲ得

458.　An indorser may in indorsing the bill name a referee in case of need at the place of payment.

第四百五十九條　裏書人ハ裏書ヲ爲スニ當タリ手形上ノ責任ヲ負ハサル旨ヲ記載スルコトヲ得

459.　An indorser may in indorsing the bill add that he does not assume any liability on the bill.

第四百六十條　裏書人カ裏書ヲ爲スニ當タリ爾後裏書ヲ禁スル旨ヲ記載シタルトキハ其裏書人ハ被裏書人ノ後者ニ對シテ手形上ノ責任ヲ負フコトナシ

460.　If an indorser in indorsing the bill adds that he for bids further indorsements, he incurs no liabililty on the bill to the parties subsequent to his indorsee.

第四百六十一條　裏書人カ其署名ノミヲ以テ裏書ヲ爲シタルトキハ所持人ハ自己ヲ其被裏書人ト爲スコトヲ得

461.　When an indorser has made an indorsement by his mere signature, any holder may fill up the indorsement to himself.

第四百六十二條　支拂拒絕證書作成ノ期間經過ノ後所持人カ裏書ヲ爲シタルトキハ被裏書人ハ裏書人ノ有シタル權利ノミヲ取得ス此場合ニ於テハ其裏書人ハ手形上ノ責任ヲ負フコトナシ

462.　If the holder of a bill indorses it after the time for protest for non-payment has elapsed, the indorsee acquires only the rights of his indorser. In that case such indorser is not liable on the bill.

第四百六十三條　所持人ハ裏書ニ依リテ爲替手形ノ質入ヲ爲シ又ハ其取立ノ委任ヲ爲スコトヲ得此場合ニ於テハ裏書ニ其目的ヲ附記スルコトヲ要ス

463.　A holder may by indorsement pledge the bill or give a mandate to another to collect it. In that case such purpose must be stated in the indorsement.

前項ノ場合ニ於テ被裏書人ハ同一ノ目的ヲ以テ更ニ裏書ヲ爲スコトヲ得

In the case mentioned in the foregoing paragraph the indorsee may further indorse the bill for the same purpose.

第四百六十四條　裏書アル爲替手形ノ所持人ハ其裏書カ連續スルニ非サレハ其權利ヲ行フコトヲ得ス但署名ノミヲ以テ爲シタル裏書アルトキハ次ノ裏書人ハ其裏書ニ因リテ爲替手形ヲ取得シタルモノト看做ス

464.　A holder of an indorsed bill can exercise his rights only if there is an unbroken series of indorsements. If, however, an indorsement has been made by mere signature, the following indorser is deemed to have acquired the bill by the said indorsement.

第三節　引受

SECTION III. ACCEPTANCE.

第四百六十五條　所持人ハ何時ニテモ爲替手形ヲ支拂人ニ呈示シテ其引受ヲ求ムルコトヲ得

465.　The holder may at any time present the bill to the drawee for acceptance.

第四百六十六條　一覽後定期拂ノ爲替手形ノ所持人ハ其日附ヨリ一年內ニ爲替手形ヲ支拂人ニ呈示シテ其引受ヲ求ムルコトヲ要ス但振出人ハ之ヨリ短キ呈示期間ヲ定ムルコトヲ得

466.　The holder of a bill payable on a fixed day after sight must present it to the drawee for acceptance within one year from its date, but the drawer may fix a shorter period for presentation.

所持人カ拒絕證書ニ依リ前項ニ定メタル呈示ヲ爲シタルコトヲ證明セサルトキハ其前者ニ對スル手形上ノ權利ヲ失フ

If the holder does not prove by a protest that he presented the bill as above prescribed, he loses his rights under the bill against the prior parties.

第四百六十七條　所持人カ一覽後定期拂ノ爲替手形ヲ呈示シタル場合ニ於テ支拂人カ其引受ヲ爲サス又ハ引受ノ日附ヲ爲替手形ニ記載セサリシトキハ所持人ハ呈示期間內ニ拒絕證書ヲ作ラシムルコトヲ要ス此場合ニ於テハ其拒絕證書作成ノ日ヲ以テ呈示ノ日ト看做ス

467.　If the drawee of a bill payable on a fixed day after sight does not accept it on presentation by the holder or does not date the acceptance, the holder must have the bill protested within the time limited for presentation. In such case the day of protest is to be taken as the day of presentation.

所持人カ拒絕證書ヲ作ラシメサリシトキハ其前者ニ對スル手形上ノ權利ヲ失フ

If the holder omits to have a protest made, he loses his rights under the bill against the prior parties.

引受人カ引受ノ日附ヲ記載セサリシ場合ニ於テ所持人カ拒絕證書ヲ作ラシメサリシトキハ呈示期間ノ末日ヲ以テ呈示ノ日ト看做ス

If in the case of the drawee's omitting to date the acceptance no protest is made by the holder, the last day of the period within which the bill might have been presented is taken to be the day of presentation.

第四百六十八條　引受ハ爲替手形ニ其旨ヲ記載シ支拂人署名スルニ依リテ之ヲ爲ス

468.　Acceptance is made by a declaration of acceptance on the bill with the signature of the drawee.

支拂人カ爲替手形ニ署名シタルトキハ其引受ヲ爲シタルモノト看做ス

If a drawee puts his signature on the bill, he is deemed to have accepted it.

第四百六十九條　支拂人ハ手形金額ノ一部ニ付キ引受ヲ爲スコトヲ得

469.　A drawee may limit his acceptance to a part of the sum specified in the bill.

前項ノ場合ヲ除ク外支拂人カ爲替手形ノ單純ナル引受ヲ爲ササリシトキハ其引受ヲ拒絕シタルモノト看做ス但引受人ハ其引受ノ文言ニ從ヒテ責任ヲ負フ

If, except in the foregoing case, an absolute acceptance is not given, acceptance is deemed to be refused. The acceptor, however, is bound according to the tenor of his acceptance.

第四百七十條　支拂人ハ爲替手形ノ引受ニ因リ滿期日ニ於テ其引受ケタル金額ヲ支拂フ義務ヲ負フ

470.　By acceptance of the bill the drawee becomes bound to pay the amount accepted for on the day of maturity.

第四百七十一條　引受人カ爲替手形ノ支拂ヲ爲ササリシ場合ニ於テ其所持人又ハ償還ヲ爲シタル裏書人若クハ振出人ニ對シテ支拂フヘキ金額ハ第四百九十一條又ハ第四百九十二條ノ規定ニ依リテ之ヲ定ム

471.　If an acceptor has not paid the bill, the amount to be paid to the holder or to an indorser or the drawer, who has paid on recourse, is determined by the provisions of Art. 491 or Art. 492.

第四百七十二條　支拂地カ支拂人ノ住所地ト異ナル場合ニ於テ振出人カ爲替手形ニ支拂擔當者ヲ記載セサリシトキハ支拂人ハ其引受ヲ爲スニ當タリ之ヲ記載スルコトヲ得若シ支拂人カ之ヲ記載セサリシトキハ支拂地ニ於テ自ラ支拂ヲ爲ス責ニ任ス

472.　If the place of payment and the place of domicile of the drawee are different, and the drawer has not designated on the bill another person to pay the bill in the place of the drawee, the latter may name such person when he accepts. If he does not do so, he is bound to pay himself at the place of payment.

前項ノ場合ニ於テ振出人ハ爲替手形ニ其引受ヲ求ムル爲メ之ヲ呈示スヘキ旨ヲ記載スルコトヲ得此場合ニ於テ所持人カ拒絕證書ニ依リ其呈示ヲ爲シタルコトヲ證明セサルトキハ其前者ニ對スル手形上ノ權利ヲ失フ

In the case of the foregoing paragraph the drawer may direct in the bill that it shall be presented for acceptance. If in that case the holder cannot prove by protest that such presentation has been made, he loses his rights under the bill against the prior parties.

第四百七十三條　支拂人ハ引受ヲ爲スニ當タリ爲替手形ニ其支拂地ニ於ケル支拂ノ場所ヲ記載スルコトヲ得

473.　A drawee may at the time of acceptance specify in the bill at what particular place in the place of payment it shall be paid.

第四節　擔保ノ請求

SECTION IV. THE CLAIM FOR SECURITY.

第四百七十四條　支拂人カ爲替手形ノ引受ヲ爲ササリシトキハ所持人ハ其前者ニ對シ手形金額及ヒ費用ニ付キ相當ノ擔保ヲ請求スルコトヲ得

474.　If a drawee does not accept the bill of exchange, the holder is entitled to require the prior parties to give him proper security for the amount payable on the bill and expenses.

支拂人カ手形金額ノ一部ニ付キ引受ヲ爲シタルトキハ所持人ハ其殘額及ヒ費用ニ付キ相當ノ擔保ヲ請求スルコトヲ得

If the drawee has limited his acceptance to a part of the sum payable, proper security may be demanded by the holder for the rest of the amount and expenses.

第四百七十五條　爲替手形ノ所持人カ前條ノ請求ヲ爲サント欲スルトキハ引受拒絕證書ヲ作ラシメ且擔保ヲ供セシメント欲スル者ニ對シ遲滯ナク擔保請求ノ通知ヲ發スルコトヲ要ス

475.　A holder of a bill who intends to demand security under the provisions of the preceding article, must have the bill protested for non-acceptance and must without delay give notice of his claim for security to the person from whom he intends to demand security.

第四百七十六條　裏書人カ其後者ヨリ前條ノ通知ヲ受ケタルトキハ其前者ニ對シ其擔保スヘキ金額及ヒ費用ニ付キ相當ノ擔保ヲ請求スルコトヲ得

476.　If an indorser has received from a subsequent party the notice mentioned in the preceding article, he may require the prior parties to give him proper security for the sum to be secured and expenses.

前項ノ場合ニ於テ裏書人ハ擔保ヲ供セシメント欲スル者ニ對シ遲滯ナク擔保請求ノ通知ヲ發スルコトヲ要ス

In such case the indorser must without delay give notice of his claim for security to the person from whom he intends to demand security.

第四百七十七條　前三條ノ規定ニ依リテ擔保ノ請求ヲ受ケタル者ハ遲滯ナク引受拒絕證書ト引換ニ相當ノ擔保ヲ供スルコトヲ要ス但擔保ニ代ヘテ相當ノ金額ヲ供託スルコトヲ得

477.　A person against whom a claim for security has been made according to the provisions of the preceding three articles must without delay give proper security upon surrender of the protest for non-acceptance. However, he may instead of giving security deposit a proper sum of money.

第四百七十八條　前者カ擔保ヲ供シ又ハ供託ヲ爲シタルトキハ其後者全員ノ爲メ且其後者全員ニ對シテ之ヲ爲シタルモノト看做ス

478.　When a prior party has given security or made a deposit, it is deemed to have been done for the benefit of and against all parties subsequent to him.

所持人又ハ裏書人カ第四百七十五條又ハ第四百七十六條第二項ノ通知ヲ發シタルトキハ其通知ヲ受クル者ノ後者全員ノ爲メニシタルモノト看做ス

When a holder or an indorser has given the notice of Art. 475 or Art. 476, 2, it is deemed to have been given for all the parties subsequent to the party receiving it.

第四百七十九條　左ノ場合ニ於テハ第四百七十七條ノ規定ニ依リテ供シタル擔保ハ其效力ヲ失ヒ又供託シタル金額ハ之ヲ取戾スコトヲ得

479.　Security given in compliance with the provisions of Art. 477 loses its effect, and any deposit made instead of security may be reclaimed :--

一　後日ニ至リ爲替手形ノ單純ナル引受アリタルトキ

1.　Upon a subsequent absolute acceptance of the bill ;

二　手形金額及ヒ費用ノ支拂アリタルトキ

2.　Upon payment of the amount of the bill and expenses ;

三　擔保ヲ供シ若クハ供託ヲ爲シタル者又ハ其前者カ償還ヲ爲シタルトキ

3.　If the person who gave the security or made the deposit or a party prior to him has made payment on recourse ;

四　手形上ノ權利カ時效又ハ手續ノ欠缺ニ因リテ消滅シタルトキ

4.　If the rights under the bill have been lost by prescription or by a deficiency in the proceedings ;

五　擔保ヲ供シ又ハ供託ヲ爲シタル者カ滿期日ヨリ一年內ニ償還ノ請求ヲ受ケサリシトキ

5.　If within one year from the day of maturity recourse for payment has not been taken against the person who has given security or made the deposit.

第四百八十條　引受人カ破產ノ宣吿ヲ受ケタル場合ニ於テ相當ノ擔保ヲ供セサルトキハ所持人ハ豫備支拂人ノ引受ヲ求ムルコトヲ得但拒絕證書ヲ作ラシメ且遲滯ナク豫備支拂人ニ對シテ其通知ヲ發スルコトヲ要ス

480.　When an acceptor has been adjudged bankrupt, if he does not give proper security, the holder may demand acceptance from the referee in case of need ; but he must have a protest made and without delay give notice thereof to the referee in case of need.

豫備支拂人ナキトキ又ハ豫備支拂人カ單純ナル引受ヲ爲ササリシトキハ所持人ハ其前者ニ對シテ相當ノ擔保ヲ請求スルコトヲ得此場合ニ於テハ第四百七十四條乃至第四百七十八條ノ規定ヲ準用ス

If there is no referee in case of need, or if he does not give an absolute acceptance of the bill, the holder may demand proper security from the prior parties. In such case the provisions of Arts. 474-478 apply correspondingly.

第四百八十一條　左ノ場合ニ於テハ前條第二項ノ規定ニ依リテ供シタル擔保ハ其效力ヲ失ヒ又供託シタル金額ハ之ヲ取戾スコトヲ得

481.　Security given in compliance with the provisions of Art. 480, 2 loses its effect, and any deposit made instead of security may be reclaimed :--

一　豫備支拂人カ後日ニ至リ單純ナル引受ヲ爲シタルトキ

1.　If the referee in case of need subsequently gives an absolute acceptance ;

二　引受人カ後日ニ至リ相當ノ擔保ヲ供シタルトキ

2.　If the acceptor subsequently gives proper security ;

三　第四百七十九條第二號乃至第五號ノ場合

3.　In the cases specified in Art. 479, Nos. 2-5.

第五節　支拂

SECTION V. PAYMENT.

第四百八十二條　一覽拂ノ爲替手形ノ所持人ハ其日附ヨリ一年內ニ爲替手形ヲ呈示シテ其支拂ヲ求ムルコトヲ要ス但振出人ハ之ヨリ短キ呈示期間ヲ定ムルコトヲ得

482.　The holder of a bill of exchange payable at sight must present it for payment within one year from its date, or within any shorter time specified by the drawer.

所持人カ拒絕證書ニ依リ前項ニ定メタル呈示ヲ爲シタルコトヲ證明セサルトキハ其前者ニ對スル手形上ノ權利ヲ失フ

If the holder fails to prove by a protest that he has presented the bill as above prescribed, he loses his rights under the bill against the prior parties.

第四百八十三條　支拂ハ爲替手形ト引換ニ非サレハ之ヲ爲スコトヲ要セス

483.　Payment need be made only on the surrender of the bill.

支拂ヲ爲ス者ハ所持人ヲシテ爲替手形ニ其支拂ヲ受ケタル旨ヲ記載セシメ且之ニ署名セシムルコトヲ得

The payer of a bill may require the holder to state on the bill that he has received payment and to affix his signature.

第四百八十四條　手形金額ノ全部ニ付キ引受アリタルトキト雖モ所持人ハ其一部ノ支拂ヲ拒ムコトヲ得ス

484.　Even though the acceptance is for the whole amount of the bill, the holder cannot refuse to accept part payment.

一部ノ支拂アリタルトキハ所持人ハ其旨ヲ爲替手形ニ記載シ且其謄本ヲ作リ署名ノ後之ヲ交付スルコトヲ要ス

In case of part payment the holder must note it on the bill, make a copy thereof, sign it and deliver it to the payer.

第四百八十五條　爲替手形ノ支拂ノ請求ナキトキハ引受人ハ支拂拒絕證書作成ノ期間經過ノ後手形金額ヲ供託シテ其債務ヲ免ルルコトヲ得

485.　If a demand for payment of the bill has not been made, the acceptor may, after the period for making a protest for non-acceptance has elapsed, free himself from his liability by depositing the amount due on the bill.

第六節　償還ノ請求

SECTION VI. THE CLAIM FOR RECOURSE.

第四百八十六條　支拂人カ爲替手形ノ支拂ヲ爲ササリシトキハ所持人ハ其前者ニ對シテ償還ノ請求ヲ爲スコトヲ得

486.　If the drawee fails to pay a bill of exchange, the holder has a claim for recourse against the prior parties.

第四百八十七條　所持人カ前條ノ請求ヲ爲サント欲スルトキハ支拂ヲ求ムル爲メ爲替手形ヲ支拂人ニ呈示シ、若シ手形金額ノ支拂ナキトキハ滿期日又ハ其後二日內ニ支拂拒絕證書ヲ作ラシメ且償還ヲ爲サシメント欲スル者ニ對シ拒絕證書作成ノ翌日マテニ償還請求ノ通知ヲ發スルコトヲ要ス

487.　If a holder intends to claim under the provisions of the preceding article, he must present the bill to the drawee for payment, and if payment of the sum due on the bill is not made, must have it protested for nonpayment on the day of maturity or within the two days next following, and must give notice of the protest to the person against whom he intends to take recourse at the latest on the day next following the day of protest.

所持人カ前項ニ定メタル手續ヲ爲ササリシトキハ其前者ニ對スル手形上ノ權利ヲ失フ

If the holder fails to take the proceedings above prescribed, he loses his rights under the bill against the prior parties.

第四百八十八條　裏書人カ其後者ヨリ前條第一項ノ通知ヲ受ケタルトキハ其前者ニ對シテ償還ノ請求ヲ爲スコトヲ得

488.　An indorser to whom the notice provided for in Art. 487, 1 has been given by a subsequent party may take recourse against any prior party.

前項ノ場合ニ於テ裏書人ハ償還ヲ爲サシメント欲スル者ニ對シ自己カ通知ヲ受ケタル日ノ翌日マテニ償還請求ノ通知ヲ發スルコトヲ要ス

In such case the indorser must give notice of his claim for recourse to the person against whom he intends to take it, at the latest on the next day after he himself has received notice.

第四百八十九條　爲替手形ノ所持人ハ支拂拒絕證書ヲ作ラシメサリシトキト雖モ其作成ヲ免除シタル者ニ對シテハ手形上ノ權利ヲ失フコトナシ

489.　Even though the holder has not had the bill protested for non-payment, he does not lose his rights under it against those who have waived protest.

所持人カ支拂拒絕證書ヲ作ラシメタルトキハ其作成ヲ免除シタル者ト雖モ其費用ヲ償還スル義務ヲ免ルルコトヲ得ス

If the holder has had a protest for non-payment made, even those parties who have waived protest are not discharged from their liability to pay the expenses thereof.

第四百九十條　支拂地カ支拂人ノ住所地ト異ナル場合ニ於テ所持人カ償還ノ請求ヲ爲サント欲スルトキハ支拂擔當者ニ、若シ爲替手形ニ支拂擔當者ノ記載ナキトキハ支拂地ニ於テ支拂人ニ爲替手形ヲ呈示シテ其支拂ヲ求ムルコトヲ要ス此場合ニ於テ支拂擔當者又ハ支拂人カ支拂ヲ爲ササリシトキハ所持人ハ支拂地ニ於テ第四百八十七條第一項ノ規定ニ從ヒ支拂拒絕證書ヲ作ラシメ且償還請求ノ通知ヲ發スルコトヲ要ス

490.　When the place of payment is different from the place of the domicile of the drawee, a holder who intends to take recourse must present the bill for payment to any other person named in the bill to pay in the place of the drawee, and if no such person has been named in the bill, to the drawee at the place of payment. If the other person named to pay or the drawee himself, as the case may be, fails to pay, the holder must have the bill protested for non-payment at the place of payment in conformity with the provisions of Art. 487, 1, and must without delay give notice of his claim for recourse.

爲替手形ニ支拂擔當者ノ記載アル場合ニ於テ所持人カ前項ニ定メタル手續ヲ爲ササリシトキハ引受人ニ對シテモ手形上ノ權利ヲ失フ

If in the case of another person being named in the bill to pay the holder fails to take the proceedings specified in the foregoing paragraph, he loses his rights under the bill against the acceptor also.

第四百九十一條　爲替手形ノ所持人ハ左ノ金額ニ付キ償還ノ請求ヲ爲スコトヲ得

491.　The holder of a bill may take recourse for the following amounts:--

一　支拂アラサリシ手形金額及ヒ滿期日以後ノ法定利息

1.　The sum due on the bill and not yet paid together with legal interest thereon from the day of maturity ;

二　拒絕證書作成ノ手數料其他ノ費用

2.　The fees for the protest and other expenses.

前項ノ金額ハ償還ノ請求ヲ受クル者ノ住所地カ支拂地ト異ナル場合ニ於テハ支拂地ヨリ償還ノ請求ヲ受クル者ノ住所地ニ宛テ振出シタル一覽拂ノ爲替手形ノ相場ニ依リテ之ヲ計算ス若シ支拂地ニ於テ其相場ナキトキハ償還ノ請求ヲ受クル者ノ住所地ニ最モ近キ地ニ宛テ振出シタル一覽拂ノ爲替手形ノ相場ニ依ル

If the place of the domicile of the person against whom recourse is taken is different from the place of payment, the amount above mentioned is calculated according to the rate of exchange of a bill payable at sight drawn from the place of payment on the place of the domicile of the person against whom recourse is to be taken. If there is no such rate at the place of payment, the calculation is made according to the rate of exchange of a bill payable at sight drawn upon the place nearest to the place of the domicile of the person against whom recourse is taken.

第四百九十二條　償還ノ請求ヲ受ケタル裏書人ハ左ノ金額ニ付キ償還ノ請求ヲ爲スコトヲ得

492.　An indorser against whom recourse has been taken, may himself take recourse for the following amounts

一　其支拂ヒタル金額及ヒ支拂ノ日以後ノ法定利息

1.　The sum paid by him together with legal interest thereon from the day of payment ;

二　其支出シタル費用

2.　All expenses paid by him.

前條第二項ノ規定ハ前項ノ場合ニ之ヲ準用ス

In this case the provisions of Art. 491, 2 apply correspondingly.

第四百九十三條　爲替手形ノ所持人又ハ裏書人ハ償還ノ請求ヲ爲ス爲メ其前者ヲ支拂人トシテ更ニ爲替手形ヲ振出スコトヲ得

493.　The holder of a bill or an indorser may take recourse by drawing another bill upon a prior party.

第四百九十四條　所持人又ハ裏書人カ前條ノ規定ニ依リテ振出ス爲替手形ハ償還ノ請求ヲ受クル者ノ住所地ヲ以テ其支拂地ト定メタル一覽拂ノモノタルコトヲ要ス

494.　A bill drawn by a holder or an indorser under the provisions of the preceding article must be a bill at sight, the place of payment of which is to be the place of the domicile of the person against whom recourse is had.

所持人カ振出ス爲替手形ニハ本爲替手形ノ支拂地ヲ以テ振出地ト定メ裏書人カ振出ス爲替手形ニハ其住所地ヲ以テ振出地ト定ムルコトヲ要ス

If such a bill is drawn by the holder, the place of payment of the original bill, and if drawn by an indorser, the place of the latter's domicile is to be the place of drawing.

第四百九十五條　償還ハ爲替手形、支拂拒絕證書及ヒ償還計算書ト引換ニ非サレハ之ヲ爲スコトヲ要セス

495.　Recourse can be taken only on surrender of the bill, the protest for non-payment and a recourse account.

償還ヲ爲ス者ハ之ヲ受クル者ヲシテ償還計算書ニ償還ヲ受ケタル旨ヲ記載セシメ且之ニ署名セシムルコトヲ得

A person who has paid the amount recoverable on recourse may require the person receiving the money to give a receipt on the recourse account and sign it.

第四百九十六條　第四百七十八條第二項ノ規定ハ償還ノ請求ニ之ヲ準用ス

496.　The provisions of Art. 478, 2, apply correspondingly to a claim for recourse.

第七節　保證

SECTION VII. SURETYSHIP.

第四百九十七條　爲替手形ヨリ生シタル債務ヲ保證スル爲メ爲替手形其謄本又ハ補箋ニ署名シタル者ハ其債務カ無效ナルトキト雖モ主タル債務者ト同一ノ責任ヲ負フ

497.　A person who puts his signature on a bill of exchange, a copy thereof or an alonge, in order to become a surety for an obligation arising upon the bill, has even though such obligation is invalid, the same liability as the principal debtor.

第四百九十八條　何人ノ爲メニ保證ヲ爲シタルカ分明ナラサルトキハ其保證ハ引受人ノ爲メニ之ヲ爲シタルモノト看做ス但未タ引受アラサリシトキハ振出人ノ爲メニ之ヲ爲シタルモノト看做ス

498.　If it does not appear for whom a person has become surety, he is deemed to have become surety for the acceptor, or if there is as yet no acceptance, for the drawer.

第四百九十九條　保證人カ其債務ヲ履行シタルトキハ所持人カ主タル債務者ニ對シテ有セシ權利及ヒ主タル債務者カ其前者ニ對シテ有スヘキ權利ヲ取得ス

499.　A surety who has performed his obligation acquires the rights which the holder had against the principal debtor, and the rights which the latter would have against prior parties.

第八節　參加

SECTION VIII. INTERVENTION.

第一款　參加引受

SUBSECTION I. ACCEPTANCE FOR HONOUR.

第五百條　爲替手形ノ所持人カ引受拒絕證書ヲ作ラシメタル場合ニ於テ豫備支拂人アルトキハ其豫備支拂人ニ引受ヲ求メタル後ニ非サレハ其前者ニ對シテ擔保ヲ請求スルコトヲ得ス

500.　If a referee in case of need is named, the holder of a bill of exchange who has had it protested for non-acceptance, can claim security against his prior parties only after having demanded acceptance from such referee.

豫備支拂人カ引受ヲ爲ササリシトキハ所持人ハ其旨ヲ引受拒絕證書ニ記載セシムルコトヲ要ス

If the referee in case of need does not accept, the holder must have such fact mentioned in the protest for non-acceptance.

第五百一條　爲替手形ノ所持人ハ豫備支拂人ニ非サル者ノ參加引受ヲ拒ムコトヲ得

501.　The holder of a bill may refuse an acceptance for honour from a person other than a referee in case of need.

第五百二條　參加引受ヲ爲サントスル者數人アルトキハ所持人ハ其選擇ニ從ヒ其一人ヲシテ引受ヲ爲サシムルコトヲ得

502.　If several persons offer to accept for honour, the holder may at his option allow any one of them to accept.

第五百三條　參加引受ハ爲替手形ニ其旨ヲ記載シ參加引受人署名スルニ依リテ之ヲ爲ス

503.　An acceptance for honour is made by a declaration on the bill with the signature of the acceptor for honour.

參加引受人カ爲替手形ニ被參加人ヲ定メサリシトキハ其引受ハ振出人ノ爲メニ之ヲ爲シタルモノト看做ス

If the acceptor for honour does not designate in the bill the person for whom he accepts, the acceptance is deemed to have been made for the honour of the drawer.

第五百四條　所持人ハ引受拒絕證書ニ參加引受アリタル旨ヲ記載セシメ且其證書作成ノ費用ノ支拂ト引換ニ之ヲ參加引受人ニ交付スルコトヲ要ス參加引受人ハ遲滯ナク前項ノ拒絕證書ヲ被參加人ニ送付スルコトヲ要ス

504.　The holder must have entered in the protest for non-acceptance the fact of the acceptance for honour, and must deliver the protest to the acceptor for honour on payment of the expenses of its making. The acceptor for honour must without delay deliver the protest to the person for whom he has accepted.

第五百五條　參加引受人ハ支拂人カ手形金額ノ支拂ヲ爲ササル場合ニ於テ被參加人ノ後者ニ對シ支拂アラサリシ手形金額及ヒ費用ヲ支拂フ義務ヲ負フ但所持人カ滿期日又ハ其後二日內ニ支拂ヲ求ムル爲メ爲替手形ヲ參加引受人ニ呈示セサルトキハ參加引受人ハ其義務ヲ免ル

505.　If the drawee fails to pay the amount due on the bill the acceptor for honour is liable to the parties subsequent to the person for whom he has accepted to pay any amount unpaid on the bill together with the expenses ; but he is exempted from such liability, if the holder fails to present the bill to him for payment on the day of maturity or within the two days next following.

第五百六條　爲替手形ノ所持人其他被參加人ノ後者ハ參加引受ニ因リテ擔保ヲ請求スル權利ヲ失フ

506.　The holder of a bill and the parties subsequent to the person for whom acceptance for honour is made lose by the acceptance for honour the right of demanding security.

第五百七條　被參加人ハ其前者ニ對シテ擔保ヲ請求スルコトヲ得此場合ニ於テハ第四百七十五條乃至第四百七十九條ノ規定ヲ準用ス

507.　The person for whom acceptance for honour is made may demand security from the prior parties. In such case the provisions of Arts. 475-479 apply correspondingly.

第二款　參加支拂

SUBSECTION II. PAYMENT FOR HONOUR.

第五百八條　爲替手形ノ所持人カ支拂拒絕證書ヲ作ラシメタル場合ニ於テ豫備支拂人又ハ參加引受人アルトキハ所持人ハ滿期日又ハ其後二日內ニ參加引受人ニ、若シ參加引受人ナキトキ又ハ參加引受人カ支拂ヲ爲ササリシトキハ豫備支拂人ニ爲替手形ヲ呈示シテ其支拂ヲ求メタル後ニ非サレハ其前者ニ對シテ償還ノ請求ヲ爲スコトヲ得ス

508.　If a referee in case of need is named or an acceptance for honour made, the holder of a bill of exchange who has had it protested for non-payment, can take recourse against the prior parties only after he has presented the bill for payment to the acceptor for honour, or if there is no acceptor for honour or if the acceptor for honour does not pay, to the referee in case of need, on the day of maturity or within the two days next following.

參加引受人又ハ豫備支拂人カ支拂ヲ爲ササリシトキハ所持人ハ其旨ヲ支拂拒絕證書ニ記載セシムルコトヲ要ス

If the acceptor for honour or the referee in case of need fails to pay, the holder must have such fact mentioned in the protest for non-payment.

所持人カ前二項ニ定メタル手續ヲ爲ササリシトキハ豫備支拂人ヲ指定シタル者又ハ被參加人及ヒ其後者ニ對スル手形上ノ權利ヲ失フ

If the holder fails to proceed as prescribed in the two foregoing paragraphs, he loses his rights under the bill against the person who has named the referee or in whose favour acceptance for honour has been made, and the subsequent parties.

第五百九條　爲替手形ノ所持人ハ豫備支拂人又ハ參加引受人ニ非サル者ノ參加支拂ト雖モ之ヲ拒ムコトヲ得ス若シ之ヲ拒ミタルトキハ被參加人及ヒ其後者ニ對スル手形上ノ權利ヲ失フ

509.　The holder of a bill cannot refuse payment for honour even if offered by a person other than a referee in case of need or an acceptor for honour. If he refuses, he loses his rights under the bill against the party for whom payment for honour was offered and the parties subsequent to him.

第五百十條　參加支拂ヲ爲サントスル者數人アルトキハ所持人ハ最モ多數ノ者ヲシテ債務ヲ免レシムル效力ヲ有スル支拂ヲ受クルコトヲ要ス

510.　If several persons offer to pay a bill for honour, the holder must accept the payment by which the greatest number of persons will be discharged from their obligations.

第五百十一條　豫備支拂人又ハ參加引受人ニ非サル參加支拂人カ被參加人ヲ示ササリシトキハ其支拂ハ支拂人ノ爲メニ之ヲ爲シタルモノト看做ス

511.　If a payer for honour who is not a referee in case of need or an acceptor for honour does not name the person for whose honour he pays, such payment is deemed to be made for the benefit of the drawee.

第五百十二條　所持人ハ支拂拒絕證書ニ參加支拂アリタル旨ヲ記載セシメ且手形金額及ヒ費用ノ支拂ト引換ニ其拒絕證書及ヒ爲替手形ヲ參加支拂人ニ交付スルコトヲ要ス

512.　The holder must have the fact of the payment for honour entered in the protest for non-payment, and must on payment of the sum due on the bill and expenses deliver to the payer for honour the protest and the bill.

第五百十三條　參加支拂人カ支拂ヲ爲シタルトキハ引受人、被參加人及ヒ其前者ニ對スル所持人ノ權利ヲ取得ス

513.　When the payer for honour has made payment, he acquires the rights of the holder against the acceptor, the person for whose honour he has paid and the parties prior to him.

第九節　拒絕證書

SECTION IX. PROTEST.

第五百十四條　拒絕證書ハ爲替手形ノ所持人ノ請求ニ因リ公證人又ハ執達吏之ヲ作ル

514.　A protest is made on the application of the holder of a bill by a notary or a bailiff.

第五百十五條　拒絕證書ニハ左ノ事項ヲ記載シ公證人又ハ執達吏之ニ署名スルコトヲ要ス

515.　In addition to the signature of the notary or bailiff a protest must contain :--

一　爲替手形、其謄本及ヒ補箋ニ記載シタル事項

1.　The particulars mentioned in the bill, in a copy thereof and in an alonge ;

二　拒絕者及ヒ被拒絕者ノ氏名又ハ商號

2.　The name or the trade name of the party protested against and of the protesting party ;

三　拒絕者ニ對シテ爲シタル請求ノ趣旨及ヒ拒絕者カ其請求ニ應セサリシコト又ハ拒絕者ニ面會スルコト能ハサリシ理由

3.　The terms of the demand made to the party protested against, and a statement that the latter failed to comply with the demand, or the reason why it was not possible to reach him ;

四　前號ノ請求ヲ爲シ又ハ之ヲ爲スコト能ハサリシ地及ヒ年月日

4.　The place where and the date when the demand mentioned under No. 3 was made or could not be made ;

五　拒絕者ノ營業所、住所又ハ居所カ知レサル場合ニ於テ其地ノ官署又ハ公署ニ問合ヲ爲シタルコト

5.　If the place of business or the domicile or residence of the party protested against is unknown, a statement that inquiry therefor was made of the Government or local authorities on the spot ;

六　法定ノ場所外ニ於テ拒絕證書ヲ作ルトキハ拒絕者カ之ヲ承諾シタルコト

6.　If the protest is made at a place other than that prescribed by law, a statement that the party protested against has consented thereto ;

七　參加引受又ハ參加支拂アルトキハ參加ノ種類及ヒ參加人竝ニ被參加人ノ氏名又ハ商號

7.　If there has been an acceptance or payment for honour, the nature of the intervention and the name or trade name of the acceptor or payer for honour and of the person for whose honour intervention was made.

第五百十六條　數人ニ對シテ手形上ノ請求ヲ爲スヘキトキハ其請求ニ付キ一通ノ拒絕證書ヲ作ラシムルヲ以テ足ル

516.　If a claim under a bill is to be made against two or more persons, one protest is sufficient as to such claim.

第五百十七條　公證人又ハ執達吏カ拒絕證書ヲ作リタルトキハ其帳簿ニ其證書ノ全文ヲ記載スルコトヲ要ス

517.　A notary or bailiff who has made a protest must enter the whole contents of the instrument in his register.

拒絕證書カ滅失シタルトキハ利害關係人ハ其謄本ノ交付ヲ請求スルコトヲ得此謄本ハ原本ト同一ノ效力ヲ有ス

When a protest has been lost, the parties interested can demand a copy, which shall have the same force as the original.

第十節　爲替手形ノ複本及ヒ謄本

SECTION X. PARTS AND COPIES OF BILLS OF EXCHANGE.

第五百十八條　爲替手形ノ所持人ハ振出人ニ對シテ其爲替手形ノ複本ノ交付ヲ請求スルコトヲ得但所持人カ受取人ニ非サルトキハ順次ニ其前者ヲ經由シテ之ヲ請求スルコトヲ要ス

518.　The holder of a bill of exchange may require the drawer to deliver to him several parts of the bill ; but a holder other than the payee can do so only through the successive intermediation of the prior parties.

振出人カ爲替手形ノ複本ヲ作リタルトキハ各裏書人ハ各通ニ其裏書ヲ爲スコトヲ要ス

If a drawer has made several parts of a bill, all the indorsers are bound to make their indorsements on each part of the bill.

第五百十九條　爲替手形ノ複本ニ其複本タルコトヲ示ササルトキハ其各通ハ獨立ノ爲替手形トシテ其效力ヲ有ス

519.　If the parts of a bill are not designated as such, each of them is valid as an independent bill.

第五百二十條　爲替手形ノ複本ヲ作リタル場合ニ於テ其一通ノ支拂アリタルトキハ他ノ各通ハ其效力ヲ失フ但引受アルモノハ此限ニ在ラス

520.　When a bill has been drawn in parts, if one of them is paid, all the other parts lose their effect, except those on which an acceptance is made.

二人以上ニ各別ニ數通ノ爲替手形ノ裏書ヲ爲シタル者又ハ數通ノ爲替手形ニ引受ヲ爲シタル者ハ支拂ノ時ニ於テ返還アラサリシ各通ニ付キ手形上ノ責任ヲ免ルルコトヲ得ス

A person who has indorsed several parts of a bill to different persons or who has put his acceptance on several parts, is liable according to the provisions relating to bills upon any part not surrendered to him at the time of payment.

第五百二十一條　爲替手形ノ複本ノ所持人カ引受ヲ求ムル爲メ其一通ヲ送付シタルトキハ他ノ各通ニ其送付先ヲ記載スルコトヲ要ス

521.　If the holder of parts of a bill has forwarded one part for acceptance, he must make a note on each other part of the person to whom he has forwarded it.

前項ノ記載アル爲替手形ノ所持人ハ引受ヲ求ムル爲メニ送付シタル一通ノ爲替手形ヲ受取リタル者ニ對シテ其返還ヲ請求スルコトヲ得若シ其者カ之ヲ返還セサルトキハ拒絕證書ニ依リ其事實及ヒ他ノ一通又ハ數通ノ爲替手形ヲ以テ引受又ハ支拂ヲ受クルコト能ハサリシコトヲ證明スルニ非サレハ其前者ニ對シテ擔保又ハ償還ノ請求ヲ爲スコトヲ得ス

The holder of a bill containing such a note may require the person to whom a part has been forwarded for acceptance to return such part to him. When such person does not return it, security can be required from or recourse had to the prior parties, as the case may be, only if such fact and the impossibility of getting acceptance or payment on one or more of the other parts of the bill is proved by protest.

第五百二十二條　爲替手形ノ所持人ハ其謄本ヲ作ルコトヲ得

522.　The holder of a bill is entitled to make copies thereof.

爲替手形ノ謄本ニ或事項ヲ記載シタルトキハ其事項ト原本ニ記載シタル事項トヲ區別スルコトヲ要ス

If any particulars are inserted in a copy of a bill, they must be distinguished from particulars inserted in the original bill.

第五百二十三條　所持人カ爲替手形ノ引受ヲ求ムル爲メ其原本ヲ送付シタル場合ニ於テ其謄本ヲ作リタルトキハ之ニ其原本ノ送付先ヲ記載スルコトヲ要ス

523.　If a holder of a bill who has made copies thereof forwards the original bill for acceptance, he must make a note on each of the copies of the person to whom it has been forwarded.

前項ノ記載アル謄本ノ所持人ハ原本ヲ受取リタル者ニ對シテ其返還ヲ請求スルコトヲ得

The holder of a copy containing such a note can require the person to whom the original bill has been forwarded to return it to him.

第五百二十四條　引受ヲ求ムル爲メニ送付シタル爲替手形ヲ受取リタル者カ之ヲ返還セサル場合ニ於テ其謄本ノ所持人カ拒絕證書ニ依リテ其事實ヲ證明スルトキハ謄本ニ署名シタル者ニ對シテ擔保ノ請求ヲ爲シ又謄本ニ記載シタル滿期日カ到來シタル後ハ償還ノ請求ヲ爲スコトヲ得

524.　If the person to whom a bill has been forwarded for acceptance fails to return it, the holder of a copy of the bill, if he proves such fact by a protest, is entitled to demand security from the persons who have put their signature on the copy, or, after the day of maturity as mentioned in the copy has arrived, he may take recourse against the same.

第三章　約束手形

CHAPTER III. PROMISSORY NOTES.

第五百二十五條　約束手形ニハ左ノ事項ヲ記載シ振出人之ニ署名スルコトヲ要ス

525.　In addition to the signature of the maker a promissory note must contain :--

一　其約束手形タルコトヲ示スヘキ文字

1.　The designation of it as a promissory note ;

二　一定ノ金額

2.　A sum certain ;

三　受取人ノ氏名又ハ商號

3.　The name or the trade name of the payee ;

四　單純ナル支拂ノ約束

4.　An absolute promise to pay ;

五　振出ノ年月日

5.　The date of making ;

六　一定ノ滿期日

6.　A day certain of maturity ;

七　振出地

7.　The place where it is made.

第五百二十六條　振出人カ約束手形ニ支拂地ヲ記載セサリシトキハ振出地ヲ以テ其支拂地トス

526.　If the maker does not name in the promissory note a place of payment, the place where it is made is the place of payment.

第五百二十七條　一覽後定期拂ノ約束手形ノ所持人ハ其日附ヨリ一年內ニ振出人ニ約束手形ヲ呈示スルコトヲ要ス但振出人ハ之ヨリ短キ呈示期間ヲ定ムルコトヲ得

527.　The holder of a note payable on a fixed day after sight must present the note to the maker within one year from its date, or if the maker has specified a shorter time in the note, within such time.

所持人カ拒絕證書ニ依リ前項ニ定メタル呈示ヲ爲シタルコトヲ證明セサルトキハ振出人以外ノ前者ニ對スル手形上ノ權利ヲ失フ

If the holder fails to prove by a protest that he has presented the bill as above prescribed, he loses his rights under the bill against all prior parties except the maker.

第五百二十八條　所持人カ一覽後定期拂ノ約束手形ヲ呈示シタル場合ニ於テ振出人カ呈示ヲ受ケタル旨又ハ其日附ヲ約束手形ニ記載セサリシトキハ所持人ハ呈示期間內ニ拒絕證書ヲ作ラシムルコトヲ要ス此場合ニ於テハ其拒絕證書作成ノ日ヲ以テ呈示ノ日ト看做ス

528.　If the maker of a note payable on a fixed day after sight does not on presentation state on the bill the fact or the day of presentation, the holder must have a protest made within the time limited for presentation. In such case the day of the making of the protest is deemed to be the day of presentation.

所持人カ拒絕證書ヲ作ラシメサリシトキハ振出人以外ノ前者ニ對スル手形上ノ權利ヲ失フ

If the holder fails to have a protest made, he loses his rights under the bill against all prior parties except the maker.

振出人カ呈示ノ日附ヲ記載セサリシ場合ニ於テ所持人カ拒絕證書ヲ作ラシメサリシトキハ呈示期間ノ末日ヲ以テ呈示ノ日ト看做ス

If the maker does not state on the note the time of presentation, and the holder fails to have a protest made, the last day of the time limited for presentation is deemed to be the day of presentation.

第五百二十九條　第四百四十六條、第四百四十九條乃至第四百五十一條、第四百五十三條乃至第四百五十七條、第四百五十九條乃至第四百六十四條、第四百七十一條、第四百八十條乃至第四百九十九條、第五百八條乃至第五百十七條及ヒ第五百二十二條ノ規定ハ約束手形ニ之ヲ準用ス

529.　The provisions of Arts. 446, 449-451, 453-457, 459464, 471, 480-499, 508-517 and 522 apply correspondingly to promissory notes.

第四章　小切手

CHAPTER IV. CHEQUES.

第五百三十條　小切手ニハ左ノ事項ヲ記載シ振出人之ニ署名スルコトヲ要ス

530.　In addition to the signature of the drawer a cheque must contain :--

一　其小切手タルコトヲ示スヘキ文字

1.　The designation of it as a cheque ;

二　一定ノ金額

2.　A sum certain ;

三　支拂人ノ氏名又ハ商號

3.　The name or the trade name of the drawee ;

四　受取人ノ氏名若クハ商號又ハ所持人ニ支拂フヘキコト

4.　The name or the trade name of the payee, or a statement that the cheque is payable to bearer ;

五　單純ナル支拂ノ委託

5.　An absolute order to pay ;

六　振出ノ年月日

6.　The date of drawing ;

七　支拂地

7.　The place of payment.

第五百三十一條　小切手ノ振出人ハ自己ヲ受取人ト定ムルコトヲ得

531.　A person may draw a cheque payable to himself.

第五百三十二條　小切手ハ一覽拂ノモノトス

532.　A cheque is payable at sight.

第五百三十三條　小切手ノ所持人ハ其日附ヨリ一週間內ニ小切手ヲ呈示シテ其支拂ヲ求ムルコトヲ要ス

533.　The holder of a cheque must present it for payment within one week from its date.

所持人カ前項ニ定メタル呈示ヲ爲ササリシトキハ其前者ニ對シテ償還ノ請求ヲ爲スコトヲ得ス

A holder who fails to present the cheque as above prescribed cannot take recourse against his prior parties.

第五百三十四條　小切手ノ所持人カ其前者ニ對シテ償還ノ請求ヲ爲スニハ支拂拒絕證書ノ作成ニ代ヘ支拂人ヲシテ前條第一項ニ定メタル期間內ニ支拂拒絕ノ旨及ヒ其年月日ヲ小切手ニ記載セシメ且之ニ署名セシムルヲ以テ足ル

534.　For the purpose of recourse against the prior parties it is sufficient that the holder of a cheque instead of having a protest for non-payment made, causes the drawee within the time fixed in Art. 533, 1 to note the refusal of payment and its date on the cheque with his signature.

第五百三十五條　小切手ノ振出人又ハ所持人カ其表面ニ二條ノ平行線ヲ畫キ其線內ニ銀行又ハ之ト同一ノ意義ヲ有スル文字ヲ記載シタルトキハ支拂人ハ銀行ニ對シテノミ支拂ヲ爲スコトヲ得

535.　If the drawer or the holder of a cheque draws two parallel lines on its face and writes between the lines the word “ bank ” or any other word having the same meaning, the drawee can make payment only to a bank.

振出人又ハ所持人カ平行線內ニ特定セル銀行ノ商號ヲ記載シタルトキハ支拂人ハ其銀行ニ對シテノミ支拂ヲ爲スコトヲ得但其銀行カ其商號ヲ抹消シテ他ノ銀行ノ商號ヲ記載シ之ニ取立ノ委任ヲ爲スコトヲ妨ケス

If the drawer or the holder writes the trade name of a particular bank between the parallel lines, the drawee can make payment only to such bank. This, however, does not affect the right of the latter bank to appoint another bank to collect the cheque by striking out its own trade name and inserting the trade name of the other bank.

第五百三十六條　左ノ場合ニ於テハ振出人ハ五圓以上千圓以下ノ過料ニ處セラル

536.　A drawer is liable to a fine of from five yen to one thousand yen :--

一　資金ナク又ハ信用ヲ得スシテ小切手ヲ振出シタルトキ

1.　If he draws a cheque except against a deposit or a credit granted to him ;

二　小切手ニ虛僞ノ日附ヲ記載シタルトキ

2.　If he inserts a false date in a cheque.

第五百三十七條　第四百四十六條、第四百五十二條、第四百五十五條、第四百五十七條、第四百五十九條乃至第四百六十二條、第四百六十四條、第四百八十三條、第四百八十四條、第四百八十六條乃至第四百八十九條、第四百九十一條、第四百九十二條、第四百九十五條、第四百九十六條、第五百十四條、第五百十五條及ヒ第五百十七條ノ規定ハ小切手ニ之ヲ準用ス

537.　The provisions of Arts. 446, 452, 455, 457, 459-462, 464/483, 484/486-489, 491, 492, 495, 496, 514, 515 and 517 apply correspondingly to cheques.

第五編　海商

BOOK V. COMMERCE BY SEA.

第一章　船舶及ヒ船舶所有者

CHAPTER I. SHIPS AND SHIPOWNERS.

第五百三十八條　本法ニ於テ船舶トハ商行爲ヲ爲ス目的ヲ以テ航海ノ用ニ供スルモノヲ謂フ

538.　A ship in the sense of this law is a vessel used in navigation at sea for the purpose of doing commercial transactions.

本編ノ規定ハ端舟其他櫓櫂ノミヲ以テ運轉シ又ハ主トシテ櫓櫂ヲ以テ運轉スル舟ニハ之ヲ適用セス

The provisions of this Book do not apply to small vessels or to vessels moved wholly or mainly by oars of any kind.

第五百三十九條　船舶ノ屬具目錄ニ記載シタル物ハ其從物ト推定ス

539.　Things entered in the ship's inventory of appurtenances are presumed to be accessory to the ship.

第五百四十條　船舶所有者ハ特別法ノ定ムル所ニ從ヒ登記ヲ爲シ且船舶國籍證書ヲ請受クルコトヲ要ス

540.　The shipowner must make registration as provided by special laws, and must have a ship's certificate of nationality issued to him.

前項ノ規定ハ總噸數二十噸未滿又ハ積石數二百石未滿ノ船舶ニハ之ヲ適用セス

The provisions of the foregoing paragraph do not apply to ships of less than twenty tons burden or than two hundred koku carrying capacity.

第五百四十一條　船舶所有權ノ讓渡ハ其登記ヲ爲シ且船舶國籍證書ニ之ヲ記載スルニ非サレハ之ヲ以テ第三者ニ對抗スルコトヲ得ス

541.　An assignment of the ownership of a ship can be set up against third persons only if it has been registered and noted in the certificate of nationality.

第五百四十二條　航海中ニ在ル船舶ノ所有權ヲ讓渡シタル場合ニ於テ特約ナキトキハ其航海ニ因リテ生スル損益ハ讓受人ニ歸スヘキモノトス

542.　If the ownership of a ship is assigned pending a voyage, the profits and losses of such voyage belong to the assignee, unless otherwise provided by special agreement.

第五百四十三條　差押及ヒ假差押ハ發航ノ準備ヲ終ハリタル船舶ニ對シテハ之ヲ爲スコトヲ得ス

543.　A seizure or a provisional seizure cannot be levied upon a ship after she has completed the preparations for her departure on a voyage,

但其船舶カ發航ヲ爲ス爲メニ生シタル債務ニ付テハ此限ニ在ラス

except for an obligation contracted on account of such departure.

第五百四十四條　船舶所有者ハ船長カ其法定ノ權限內ニ於テ爲シタル行爲又ハ船長其他ノ船員カ其職務ヲ行フニ當タリ他人ニ加ヘタル損害ニ付テハ航海ノ終ニ於テ船舶、運送賃及ヒ船舶所有者カ其船舶ニ付キ有スル損害賠償又ハ報酬ノ請求權ヲ債權者ニ委付シテ其責ヲ免ルルコトヲ得但船舶所有者ニ過失アリタルトキハ此限ニ在ラス

544.　A shipowner can free himself from liability for acts of the master done within the limits of his legal authority or for damage to other persons caused by the acts of the master or another mariner in the performance of his duties, by abandoning at the ending of the voyage to the creditor the ship, the freight and all claims for damages or commission which have accrued to him in relation to the ship ; but this does not apply if he himself is in fault.

前項ノ規定ハ雇傭契約ニ因リテ生シタル船員ノ權利ニ付テハ之ヲ適用セス

The provisions of the foregoing paragraph do not apply to the rights of a mariner under his contract of hiring.

第五百四十五條　船舶所有者カ債權者ノ同意ヲ得スシテ更ニ航海ヲ爲サシメタルトキハ前條ニ定メタル權利ヲ行フコトヲ得ス

545.　A shipowner cannot exercise the right mentioned in the preceding article, if he enters upon a new voyage without the consent of the creditor.

第五百四十六條　船舶共有者ノ間ニ在リテハ船舶ノ利用ニ關スル事項ハ各共有者ノ持分ノ價格ニ從ヒ其過半數ヲ以テ之ヲ決ス

546.　As between co-owners of a ship all matters relating to the use of the ship arc to be decided by a vote of the majority according to the value of their interests.

第五百四十七條　船舶共有者ハ其持分ノ價格ニ應シ船舶ノ利用ニ關スル費用ヲ負擔スルコトヲ要ス

547.　Co-owners of a ship must bear all expenses for the use of the ship in proportion to the value of their respective interests.

第五百四十八條　船舶共有者カ新ニ航海ヲ爲シ又ハ船舶ノ大修繕ヲ爲スヘキコトヲ決議シタルトキハ其決議ニ對シテ異議アル者ハ他ノ共有者ニ對シ相當代價ヲ以テ自己ノ持分ヲ買取ルヘキコトヲ請求スルコトヲ得

548.　If the co-owners resolve to undertake a new voyage or to make extensive repairs of the ship, any dissentient co-owner may require the others to buy his interest at a reasonable price.

前項ノ請求ヲ爲サント欲スル者ハ決議ノ日ヨリ三日內ニ他ノ共有者又ハ船舶管理人ニ對シテ其通知ヲ發スルコトヲ要ス但此期間ハ決議ニ加ハラサリシ者ニ付テハ其決議ノ通知ヲ受ケタル日ノ翌日ヨリ之ヲ起算ス

A co-owner intending to make such a requirement must give notice thereof to the other co-owners or to the ship's husband within three days after the passing of such resolution. If, however, such co-owner did not take part in the proceedings at the passing of su h resolution, the said period of three days begins with the day following the day when he received notice of it.

第五百四十九條　船舶共有者ハ其持分ノ價格ニ應シ船舶ノ利用ニ付テ生シタル債務ヲ辨濟スル責ニ任ス

549.　Each co-owner is liable in proportion to the value of his interest for the performance of all obligations arising as to the use of the ship.

第五百五十條　損益ノ分配ハ每航海ノ終ニ於テ船舶共有者ノ持分ノ價格ニ應シテ之ヲ爲ス

550.　An apportionment of profits and losses must be made at the end of each voyage in proportion to the value of the respective interests of the co-owners.

第五百五十一條　船舶共有者間ニ組合關係アルトキト雖モ各共有者ハ他ノ共有者ノ承諾ヲ得スシテ其持分ノ全部又ハ一部ヲ他人ニ讓渡スコトヲ得但船舶管理人ハ此限ニ在ラス

551.　Even though there exist relations of association between the co-owners of a ship, any one of them, with the exception of the ship's husband, may assign his interest in the ship or any part thereof without the consent of the other co-owners.

第五百五十二條　船舶共有者ハ船舶管理人ヲ選任スルコトヲ要ス

552.　The co-owners must appoint a ship's husband.

船舶共有者ニ非サル者ヲ船舶管理人ト爲スニハ共有者全員ノ同意アルコトヲ要ス

For the appointment of a person who is not himself a co-owner the consent of all the co-owners is necessary.

船舶管理人ノ選任及ヒ其代理權ノ消滅ハ之ヲ登記スルコトヲ要ス

The appointment of a ship's husband and the termination of his right of representation must be registered.

第五百五十三條　船舶管理人ハ左ニ揭ケタル行爲ヲ除ク外船舶共有者ニ代ハリテ船舶ノ利用ニ關スル一切ノ裁判上又ハ裁判外ノ行爲ヲ爲ス權限ヲ有ス

553.　The ship's husband has authority to do in the place of the co-owners all acts in or out of court relating to the use of the ship, except as follows :--

一　船舶ノ讓渡、委付若クハ賃貸ヲ爲シ又ハ之ヲ抵當ト爲スコト

1.　The assignment, abandonment, letting or mortgaging of the ship ;

二　船舶ヲ保險ニ付スルコト

2.　The insurance of the ship ;

三　新ニ航海ヲ爲スコト

3.　The undertaking of a new voyage ;

四　船舶ノ大修繕ヲ爲スコト

4.　Extensive repairs of the ship ;

五　借財ヲ爲スコト

5.　Borrowing money.

船舶管理人ノ代理權ニ加ヘタル制限ハ之ヲ以テ善意ノ第三者ニ對抗スルコトヲ得ス

A limitation upon the right of representation of a ship's husband cannot be set up against third persons acting in good faith.

第五百五十四條　船舶管理人ハ特ニ帳簿ヲ備ヘ之ニ船舶ノ利用ニ關スル一切ノ事項ヲ記載スルコトヲ要ス

554.　A ship's husband must keep a special book in which all matters relating to the use of the ship are to be entered.

船舶管理人ハ每航海ノ終ニ於テ遲滯ナク其航海ニ關スル計算ヲ爲シテ各船舶共有者ノ承認ヲ求ムルコトヲ要ス

At the end of each voyage the ship's husband must without delay render an account of the voyage and submit it to all the co-owners for their approval.

第五百五十五條　船舶共有者ノ持分ノ移轉又ハ其國籍喪失ニ因リテ船舶カ日本ノ國籍ヲ喪失スヘキトキハ他ノ共有者ハ相當代價ヲ以テ其持分ヲ買取リ又ハ其競賣ヲ裁判所ニ請求スルコトヲ得

555.　If by reason of the transfer of the interest of a coowner or of his losing his nationality the ship would lose her Japanese nationality, the other co-owners may buy such co-owner's interest at a reasonable price or apply to the court to have it sold at public auction.

社員ノ持分ノ移轉ニ因リ會社ノ所有ニ屬スル船舶カ日本ノ國籍ヲ喪失スヘキトキハ合名會社ニ在テハ他ノ社員、合資會社及ヒ株式合資會社ニ在テハ他ノ無限責任社員ハ相當代價ヲ以テ其持分ヲ買取ルコトヲ得

When a ship belonging to a company would lose her Japanese nationality by the transfer of the interest of a partner, the other partners in the case of an ordinary partnership, or the other partners with unlimited liability in the case of a limited partnership or of a joint stock limited partnership may buy such interest at a reasonable price.

第五百五十六條　船舶ノ賃貸借ハ之ヲ登記シタルトキハ爾後其船舶ニ付キ物權ヲ取得シタル者ニ對シテモ其效力ヲ生ス

556.　The hiring of a ship, if duly registered, is valid also against any third person who afterwards acquires a real right in the ship.

第五百五十七條　船舶ノ賃借人カ商行爲ヲ爲ス目的ヲ以テ其船舶ヲ航海ノ用ニ供シタルトキハ其利用ニ關スル事項ニ付テハ第三者ニ對シテ船舶所有者ト同一ノ權利義務ヲ有ス

557.　The hirer of a ship who uses her in navigation at sea for the purpose of doing commercial transactions has as against third persons the same rights and duties in all matters relating to her use as a shipowner.

前項ノ場合ニ於テ船舶ノ利用ニ付キ生シタル先取特權ハ船舶所有者ニ對シテモ其效力ヲ生ス但先取特權者カ其利用ノ契約ニ反スルコトヲ知レルトキハ此限ニ在ラス

In such case any preferential right arising in respect of the use of the ship is valid also against the owner ; unless the person entitled to such right had notice that the act was in contravention of the contract for use.

第二章　船員

CHAPTER II. MARINERS. * The word “ mariners ” includes in this translation the master of the ship.

第一節　船長

SECTION I. THE MASTER.

第五百五十八條　船長ハ其職務ヲ行フニ付キ注意ヲ怠ラサリシコトヲ證明スルニ非サレハ船舶所有者、傭船者、荷送人其他ノ利害關係人ニ對シテ損害賠償ノ責ヲ免ルルコトヲ得ス

558.　The master is exempted from liability for damage to the owner, charterer, shipper and other persons interested only if he proves that he has not failed to use due care in the performance of his duties.

船長ハ船舶所有者ノ指圖ニ從ヒタルトキト雖モ船舶所有者以外ノ者ニ對シテハ前項ニ定メタル責任ヲ免ルルコトヲ得ス

Except as to the shipowner, the master is not exempted from such liability even though he has acted under the shipowner's orders.

第五百五十九條　海員カ其職務ヲ行フニ當タリ他人ニ損害ヲ加ヘタル場合ニ於テ船長ハ監督ヲ怠ラサリシコトヲ證明スルニ非サレハ損害賠償ノ責ヲ免ルルコトヲ得ス

559.　If a seaman acting in the performance of his duties causes damage to any other person, the master is exempted from liability therefor only if he proves that he has not failed to exercise due supervision.

第五百六十條　船長カ已ムコトヲ得サル事由ニ因リテ自ラ船舶ヲ指揮スルコト能ハサルトキハ法令ニ別段ノ定アル場合ヲ除ク外他人ヲ選任シテ自己ノ職務ヲ行ハシムルコトヲ得此場合ニ於テハ船長ハ其選任ニ付キ船舶所有者ニ對シテ其責ニ任ス

560.　If the master is prevented by any unavoidable circumstance from commanding the ship himself, he may, unless otherwise provided by law or regulation, appoint another person to perform such functions ; in which case he will be responsible to the owner for such appointment.

第五百六十一條　船長ハ發航前船舶ノ航海ニ支障ナキヤ否ヤ其他航海ニ必要ナル準備ノ整頓セルヤ否ヤヲ檢査スルコトヲ要ス

561.　It is the duty of the master before starting upon a voyage to ascertain whether any obstacle exists to the prosecution of the voyage, and whether all necessary preparations have been duly made for the voyage.

第五百六十二條　船長ハ左ニ揭ケタル書類ヲ船中ニ備ヘ置クコトヲ要ス

562.　The master must have on board the following papers :--

一　船舶國籍證書

1.　The ship's certificate of nationality ;

二　海員名簿

2.　A list of the seamen ;

三　屬具目錄

3.　An inventory of the ship's appurtenances ;

四　航海日誌

4.　The log book ;

五　旅客名簿

5.　A list of the passengers ;

六　運送契約及ヒ積荷ニ關スル書類

6.　All papers relating to the contract of carriage and to the cargo ;

七　稅關ヨリ交付シタル書類

7.　All papers received from the custom house.

前項第三號乃至第五號ニ揭ケタル書類ハ外國ニ航行セサル船舶ニ限リ命令ヲ以テ之ヲ備フルコトヲ要セサルモノト定ムルコトヲ得

As to ships not going to foreign countries it may be provided by regulation that they need not have on board the papers mentioned under Nos. 3-5 of the foregoing paragraph.

第五百六十三條　船長ハ已ムコトヲ得サル場合ヲ除ク外自己ニ代ハリテ船舶ヲ指揮スヘキ者ニ其職務ヲ委任シタル後ニ非サレハ荷物ノ船積及ヒ旅客ノ乘込ノ時ヨリ荷物ノ陸揚及ヒ旅客ノ上陸ノ時マテ其指揮スル船舶ヲ去ルコトヲ得ス

563.　Except in case of unavoidable necessity, the master may from the time of the loading of the goods and the coming on board of the passengers until the goods are discharged and the passsengers landed, leave the ship commanded by him only after having entrusted his functions to the person who is to command the ship in his place.

第五百六十四條　船長ハ航海ノ準備カ終ハリタルトキハ遲滯ナク發航ヲ爲シ且必要アル場合ヲ除ク外豫定ノ航路ヲ變更セスシテ到達港マテ航行スルコトヲ要ス

564.　When the preparations for a voyage are completed, the master must proceed on the voyage without delay and prosecute it to the port of destination without deviation from the route previously fixed, unless a case of necessity arises.

第五百六十五條　船長ハ航海中最モ利害關係人ノ利益ニ適スヘキ方法ニ依リテ積荷ノ處分ヲ爲スコトヲ要ス

565.　During the voyage the master must take such measures in respect to the cargo as are for the best interest of all the parties concerned.

利害關係人ハ船長ノ行爲ニ因リ其積荷ニ付テ生シタル債權ノ爲メ之ヲ債權者ニ委付シテ其責ヲ免ルルコトヲ得但利害關係人ニ過失アリタルトキハ此限ニ在ラス

Any party interested may free himself, from an obligation arising in respect to his goods from an act of the master by abandoning such goods to the creditor, unless such party is himself in fault.

第五百六十六條　船籍港外ニ於テハ船長ハ航海ノ爲メニ必要ナル一切ノ裁判上又ハ裁判外ノ行爲ヲ爲ス權限ヲ有ス

566.　Outside of the ship's home port, the master has authority to do all acts in or out of court necessary for the voyage.

船籍港ニ於テハ船長ハ特ニ委任ヲ受ケタル場合ヲ除ク外海員ノ雇入及ヒ雇止ヲ爲ス權限ノミヲ有ス

In the ship's home port he has authority only to hire and discharge seamen, except so far as a special mandate has been given him.

第五百六十七條　船長ノ代理權ニ加ヘタル制限ハ之ヲ以テ善意ノ第三者ニ對抗スルコトヲ得ス

567.　A limitation upon the master's rights of representation cannot be set up against third persons acting in good faith.

第五百六十八條　船長ハ船舶ノ修繕、救援又ハ救助ノ費用其他航海ヲ繼續スルニ必要ナル費用ヲ支辨スル爲メニ非サレハ左ニ揭ケタル行爲ヲ爲スコトヲ得ス

568.　The following acts can be done by the master only to pay the expenses of repairs of the ship, of assistance in case of distress or of salvage or any expenses necessary to the prosecution of the voyage : --

一　船舶ヲ抵當ト爲スコト

1.　The mortgage of the ship ;

二　借財ヲ爲スコト

2.　Borrowing money ;

三　積荷ノ全部又ハ一部ヲ賣却又ハ質入スルコト但第五百六十五條第一項ノ場合ハ此限ニ在ラス

3.　The sale or pledge of the whole or a part of the cargo, except in the case mentioned in Art. 565, 1.

船長カ積荷ヲ賣却又ハ質入シタル場合ニ於ケル損害賠償ノ額ハ其積荷ノ到達スヘカリシ時ニ於ケル陸揚港ノ價格ニ依リテ之ヲ定ム但其價格中ヨリ支拂フコトヲ要セサリシ費用ヲ控除スルコトヲ要ス

In the case of a sale or a pledge of the cargo by the master, the amount of damages to be paid is determined by its value at the port of discharge at the time when it ought to have arrived, less all expenses saved thereby.

第五百六十九條　船長カ特ニ委任ヲ受ケスシテ航海ノ爲メニ費用ヲ出タシ又ハ債務ヲ負擔シタルトキハ船舶所有者ハ船長ニ對シテ第五百四十四條ニ定メタル權利ヲ行フコトヲ得

569.　If the master without a special mandate for doing so, has incurred expenses or assumed obligations for the purposes of the voyage, the shipowner may exercise against him the right specified in Art. 544.

第五百七十條　船籍港外ニ於テ船舶カ修繕スルコト能ハサルニ至リタルトキハ船長ハ管海官廳ノ認可ヲ得テ之ヲ競賣スルコトヲ得

570.　If the ship becomes unrepairable outside of her home port, the master may sell her at public auction by permission of the maritime authorities.

第五百七十一條　左ノ場合ニ於テハ船舶ハ修繕スルコト能ハサルニ至リタルモノト看做ス

571.　In the following cases a ship is deemed to be unrepairable :--

一　船舶カ其現在地ニ於テ修繕ヲ受クルコト能ハス且其修繕ヲ爲スヘキ地ニ到ルコト能ハサルトキ

1.　If the repairs cannot be made at the place where the ship actually is, and the ship cannot be taken to a place where they could be made ;

二　修繕費カ船舶ノ價額ノ四分ノ三ニ超ユルトキ

2.　If the cost of the repairs would be more than three-fourths of the value of the ship.

前項第二號ノ價額ハ船舶カ航海中毀損シタル場合ニ於テハ其發航ノ時ニ於ケル價額トシ其他ノ場合ニ於テハ其毀損前ニ有セシ價額トス

The value as specified under No. 2 is, in case the ship is damaged pending the voyage, the value which she had at the commencement of the voyage, in other cases her value before the happening of the damage.

第五百七十二條　船長ハ航海ヲ繼續スル爲メ必要ナルトキハ積荷ヲ航海ノ用ニ供スルコトヲ得此場合ニ於テハ第五百六十八條第二項ノ規定ヲ準用ス

572.　If necessary for the prosecution of the voyage, the master may use the cargo for the purposes of the voyage. In such case the provisions of Art. 568, 2 apply correspondingly.

第五百七十三條　船長ハ遲滯ナク航海ニ關スル重要ナル事項ヲ船舶所有者ニ報吿スルコトヲ要ス

573.　The master must without delay submit to the shipowner a report on all important circumstances relating to the voyage.

船長ハ每航海ノ終ニ於テ遲滯ナク其航海ニ關スル計算ヲ爲シテ船舶所有者ノ承認ヲ求メ又船舶所有者ノ請求アルトキハ何時ニテモ計算ノ報吿ヲ爲スコトヲ要ス

The master must without delay at the end of each voyage render an account of the voyage and submit it to the shipowner for his approval. If required by the shipowner, he must render such account at any time.

第五百七十四條　船舶所有者ハ何時ニテモ船長ヲ解任スルコトヲ得但正當ノ理由ナクシテ之ヲ解任シタルトキハ船長ハ船舶所有者ニ對シ解任ニ因リテ生シタル損害ノ賠償ヲ請求スルコトヲ得

574.　The shipowner may discharge the master at any time, but if the discharge is without just cause, the master may claim from the shipowner compensation for all damage arising therefrom.

船長カ船舶共有者ナル場合ニ於テ其意ニ反シテ解任セラレタルトキハ他ノ共有者ニ對シ相當代價ヲ以テ自己ノ持分ヲ買取ルヘキコトヲ請求スルコトヲ得

If a master who is also a co-owner is discharged against his will, he may require the other co-owners to buy his interest for a reasonable price.

船長カ前項ノ請求ヲ爲サント欲スルトキハ遲滯ナク他ノ共有者又ハ船舶管理人ニ對シテ其通知ヲ發スルコトヲ要ス

If a master intends to make such requirement, he must without delay give notice thereof to the other co-owners or the ship's husband.

第五百七十五條　船長ノ船舶所有者ニ對スル債權ハ一年ヲ經過シタルトキハ時效ニ因リテ消滅ス

575.　All obligations in favour of the master against the shipowner are extinguished by prescription after the expiration of one year.

第二節　海員

SECTION II. SEAMEN.

第五百七十六條　海員ハ其雇入ノ手續カ終ハリタルトキハ船長ノ指定シタル時ニ於テ船舶ニ乘込ムコトヲ要ス

576.　After the proceedings of hiring have been duly completed, a seaman must go on board at the time appointed by the master.

海員ハ船長ノ許可ヲ得ルニ非サレハ其乘込ミタル船舶ヲ去ルコトヲ得ス

After coming on board a seaman must not leave the ship without the permission of the master.

第五百七十七條　海員ノ服役中ノ食料ハ船舶所有者ノ負擔トス

577.　During the time of service a seaman's maintenance must be provided for by the shipowner.

第五百七十八條　海員カ服役中不行跡其他重大ナル過失ニ因ラスシテ疾病ニ罹リ又ハ傷痍ヲ受ケタルトキハ船舶所有者ハ三个月ヲ超エサル期間內ノ治療及ヒ看護ノ費用ヲ負擔ス

578.　If a seaman during the time of his service without any excess or gross fault of his own falls sick or is hurt, the shipowner must bear the costs of medical treatment and care for him for a period not exceeding three months.

前項ノ場合ニ於テ海員ハ其服役シタル期間ニ對スル給料ヲ請求スルコトヲ得但其職務ヲ行フニ因リテ疾病ニ罹リ又ハ傷痍ヲ受ケタルトキハ其給料ノ全額ヲ請求スルコトヲ得

In the case of the foregoing paragraph a seaman is entitled to his wages for the time during which he has rendered his services. He is entitled to his whole wages, if he has contracted the sickness or received the hurt in the performance of his duties.

第五百七十九條　一航海ニ付キ給料ヲ定メタル場合ニ於テ航海ノ日數ヲ延長シ又ハ不可抗力ニ因ラスシテ其里程ヲ延長シタルトキハ海員ハ其割合ニ應シテ給料ノ增加ヲ請求スルコトヲ得但航海ノ日數又ハ里程ヲ短縮シタルトキト雖モ給料ノ全額ヲ請求スルコトヲ得

579.　If a seaman's wages have been fixed at a lump sum for one voyage, and the voyage is prolonged in time or, except on account of some vis major, in distance, the seaman is entitled to a proportionate increase of wages. If the time or distance of the voyage is reduced, he is still entitled to full wages.

第五百八十條　海員カ就役ノ後死亡シタルトキハ船舶所有者ハ死亡ノ日マテノ給料ヲ支拂フコトヲ要ス

580.　If a seaman dies after he has entered upon his service, the shipowner must pay his wages up to the day of his death.

海員カ其職務ヲ行フニ因リテ死亡シタルトキハ其葬式ノ費用ハ船舶所有者ノ負擔トス

If a seaman dies in consequence of the performance of his duties, the shipowner must bear the expenses of his burial.

第五百八十一條　左ノ場合ニ於テハ船長ハ海員ヲ雇止ムルコトヲ得

581.　In the following cases the master may discharge a seaman :--

一　發航前海員カ其職務ニ不適任ナルコトヲ認メタルトキ

1.　If it appears, before the voyage is commenced, that he is unfit for his service ;

二　海員カ著シク其職務ヲ怠リ又ハ其職務ニ關シ之ニ重大ナル過失アリタルトキ

2.　If he neglects his duties to a material extent, or if he commits a gross fault in the performance of his duties ;

三　海員カ禁錮以上ノ刑ニ處セラレタルトキ

3.　If he is sentenced to imprisonment or any severer punishment ;

四　海員カ疾病ニ罹リ又ハ傷痍ヲ受ケ其職務ニ堪ヘサルニ至リタルトキ

4.　If he falls sick or is hurt, so as to be no longer able to render his services ;

五　不可抗力ニ因リ發航ヲ爲シ又ハ航海ヲ繼續スルコト能ハサルニ至リタルトキ

5.　If in consequence of vis major the departure of the ship or the prosecution of the voyage becomes impossible.

前項第一號乃至第三號ノ場合ニ於テハ海員ハ其服役シタル期間ニ對スル給料ヲ請求スルコトヲ得

In the cases mentioned in Nos. 1--3 the seaman is entitled to his wages for the time that he has rendered his services.

第一項第四號及ヒ第五號ノ場合ニ於テハ海員ハ其雇止ノ日マテノ給料及ヒ雇入港マテノ送還ヲ請求スルコトヲ得但第四號ノ場合ニ於テ海員ニ過失アルトキハ前項ノ規定ヲ準用ス

In the cases mentioned in Nos. 4 and 5 the seaman may demand his wages up to the time of his discharge, and is also entitled to be sent back to the port where he shipped ; but in the case mentioned in No. 4 the provisions of the foregoing paragraph apply, if there is a fault on the part of the seaman.

第五百八十二條　海員カ前條第一項ニ揭ケタル事由ニ因ラスシテ雇止メラレタルトキハ其服役シタル期間ニ對スル給料ノ外一个月分ノ給料ヲ請求スルコトヲ得若シ雇入港外ニ於テ雇止メラレタルトキハ雇入港マテ歸航スルニ必要ナル期間ニ對スル給料及ヒ雇入港マテノ送還ヲ請求スルコトヲ得

582.　If a seaman is discharged without any of the causes specified in Art. 581, 1, he is entitled to his wages not only for the time he has rendered services but for one additional month. If such discharge takes place elsewhere than at the port where he shipped, he is also entitled to his wages for a time sufficient for his return to such port, and to be sent back to such port.

第五百八十三條　左ノ場合ニ於テハ海員ハ其雇止ヲ請求スルコトヲ得

583.　A seaman is entitled to claim his discharge in the following cases:--

一　船舶カ日本ノ國籍ヲ喪失シタルトキ

1.　If the ship loses her Japanese nationality ;

二　自己ノ過失ニ因ラスシテ疾病ニ罹リ又ハ傷痍ヲ受ケ其職務ニ堪ヘサルニ至リタルトキ

2.　If without fault on his part he falls sick or is hurt, so that he is unable to render his services ;

三　船長ヨリ虐待ヲ受ケタルトキ

3.　If the master illtreats him.

前項ノ場合ニ於テハ海員ハ其雇止ノ日マテノ給料及ヒ雇入港マテノ送還ヲ請求スルコトヲ得

In the cases of the foregoing paragraph the seaman is entitled to his wages up to the day of his discharge and to be sent back to the port where he shipped.

第五百八十四條　航海中船舶ノ所有者カ變更シタルトキハ海員ハ新所有者ニ對シ雇傭契約ニ因リテ生シタル權利義務ヲ有ス

584.　If during the voyage the ownership of the ship is changed, the rights and duties of a seaman under his contract of hiring continue for and against the new shipowner.

第五百八十五條　海員ノ雇入期間ハ一年ヲ超ユルコトヲ得ス若シ之ヨリ長キ期間ヲ以テ海員ヲ雇入レタルトキハ其期間ハ之ヲ一年ニ短縮ス

585.　The hiring of a seaman must not be for more than one year.

海員ノ雇入ハ之ヲ更新スルコトヲ得但其期間ハ更新ノ時ヨリ一年ヲ超ユルコトヲ得ス

The hiring of a seaman may be renewed, but not for more than one year from the time of renewal.

第五百八十六條　雇入期間ノ定ナキトキハ海員ハ特約アル場合ヲ除ク外船舶カ安全ニ碇泊シ且積荷ノ陸揚及ヒ旅客ノ上陸カ終ハリタル後ニ非サレハ其雇止ヲ請求スルコトヲ得ス

586.　If the term of the hiring is not fixed, a seaman, unless otherwise provided by a special agreement, cannot demand his discharge until the ship is safely anchored, the cargo discharged and the passengers landed.

第五百八十七條　海員ノ雇入契約ハ左ノ事由ニ因リテ終了ス

587.　The contract of hiring made with a seaman comes to an end in the following cases :--

一　船舶カ沈沒シタルコト

1.　If the ship is lost ;

二　船舶カ修繕スルコト能ハサルニ至リタルコト

2.　If she becomes unrepairable ;

三　船舶カ捕獲セラレタルコト

3.　If she is captured.

前項ノ場合ニ於テハ海員ハ契約終了ノ日マテノ給料及ヒ雇入港マテノ送還ヲ請求スルコトヲ得

In the cases of the foregoing paragraph a seaman is entitled to his wages up to the time of the termination of the contract and to be sent back to the port where he shipped.

第五百八十八條　海員カ雇入港マテノ送還ヲ請求スル權利ヲ有スル場合ニ於テハ送還ニ代ヘテ其費用ヲ請求スルコトヲ得

588.　When a seaman is entitled to be sent back to the port where he shipped, he may instead claim the cost thereof in money.

第五百八十九條　第五百七十五條ノ規定ハ海員ノ債權ニ之ヲ準用ス

589.　The provisions of Art. 575 apply correspondingly to obligations existing in favour of a seaman.

第三章　運送

CHAPTER III CARRIAGE BY SEA. SECTION I.

第一節　物品運送

THE CARRIAGE OF GOODS.

第一款　總則

SUBSECTION I. GENERAL PROVISIONS.

第五百九十條　船舶ノ全部又ハ一部ヲ以テ運送契約ノ目的ト爲シタルトキハ各當事者ハ相手方ノ請求ニ因リ運送契約書ヲ交付スルコトヲ要ス

590.　If a contract of carriage is made for the whole 01 a part of a ship, either party must on demand of the other deliver a written contract of carriage.

第五百九十一條　船舶所有者ハ傭船者又ハ荷送人ニ對シ發航ノ當時船舶カ安全ニ航海ヲ爲スニ堪フルコトヲ擔保ス

591.　The shipowner warrants to the charterer or the shipper that the ship is seaworthy at the time of her sailing.

第五百九十二條　船舶所有者ハ特約ヲ爲シタルトキト雖モ自己ノ過失、船員其他ノ使用人ノ惡意若クハ重大ナル過失又ハ船舶カ航海ニ堪ヘサルニ因リテ生シタル損害ヲ賠償スル責ヲ免ルルコトヲ得ス

592.　The shipowner cannot even by an express agreement be exempted from liability for damage caused by his own fault or by the bad faith or the gross fault of a mariner or of any other person employed or by the unseaworthiness of the ship.

第五百九十三條　法令ニ違反シ又ハ契約ニ依ラスシテ船積シタル運送品ハ船長ニ於テ何時ニテモ之ヲ陸揚シ、若シ船舶又ハ積荷ニ危害ヲ及ホス虞アルトキハ之ヲ放棄スルコトヲ得但船長カ之ヲ運送スルトキハ其船積ノ地及ヒ時ニ於ケル同種ノ運送品ノ最高ノ運送賃ヲ請求スルコトヲ得

593.　If goods have been loaded on board in contravention of any law or regulation or not in pursuance of the contract, the master may at any time discharge such goods, and if the safety of ship or cargo is endangered by them, he may even jettison them. If, however, he carries the goods, he may charge the maximum freight for that kind of goods at the place and time of loading.

前項ノ規定ハ船舶所有者其他ノ利害關係人カ損害賠償ノ請求ヲ爲スコトヲ妨ケス

Claims of the shipowner or other persons interested for damages are not affected by the provisions of the foregoing paragraph.

第五百九十四條　船舶ノ全部ヲ以テ運送契約ノ目的ト爲シタル場合ニ於テ運送品ヲ船積スルニ必要ナル準備カ整頓シタルトキハ船舶所有者ハ遲滯ナク傭船者ニ對シテ其通知ヲ發スルコトヲ要ス

594.　If the contract of carriage covers the whole ship, the shipowner must give notice to the charterer as soon as the necessary preparations for the loading of the goods have been duly completed.

傭船者カ運送品ヲ船積スヘキ期間ノ定アル場合ニ於テハ其期間ハ前項ノ通知アリタル日ノ翌日ヨリ之ヲ起算ス其期間經過ノ後運送品ヲ船積シタルトキハ船舶所有者ハ特約ナキトキト雖モ相當ノ報酬ヲ請求スルコトヲ得

If a time is fixed within which the charterer is to effect the loading of the goods, it is computed from the day after the day of the above mentioned notice. If goods are loaded after the expiration of such time, the shipowner is entitled even without an express agreement to reasonable compensation.

前項ノ期間中ニハ不可抗力ニ因リテ船積ヲ爲スコト能ハサル日ヲ算入セス

The days during which loading is prevented by vis major are not reckoned as a part of the time of loading.

第五百九十五條　船長カ第三者ヨリ運送品ヲ受取ルヘキ場合ニ於テ其者ヲ確知スルコト能ハサルトキ又ハ其者カ運送品ヲ船積セサルトキハ船長ハ直チニ傭船者ニ對シテ其通知ヲ發スルコトヲ要ス此場合ニ於テハ船積期間內ニ限リ傭船者ニ於テ運送品ヲ船積スルコトヲ得

595.　If the master is to receive the goods from a third person, and such person cannot be ascertained or does not load the goods, the master must at once give notice thereof to the charterer. In such case the loading of the goods by the charterer can be made only within the time fixed for loading.

第五百九十六條　傭船者ハ運送品ノ全部ヲ船積セサルトキト雖モ船長ニ對シテ發航ノ請求ヲ爲スコトヲ得

596.　The charterer may, even though he has not loaded the whole goods, require the master to commence the voyage.

傭船者カ前項ノ請求ヲ爲シタルトキハ運送賃ノ全額ノ外運送品ノ全部ヲ船積セサルニ因リテ生シタル費用ヲ支拂ヒ尙ホ船舶所有者ノ請求アルトキハ相當ノ擔保ヲ供スルコトヲ要ス

A charterer who makes such a requirement must pay in addition to the full freight, all expenses arising from his failure to load the whole goods and must, if required by the shipowner, give proper security.

第五百九十七條　船積期間經過ノ後ハ傭船者カ運送品ノ全部ヲ船積セサルトキト雖モ船長ハ直チニ發航ヲ爲スコトヲ得

597.　The master may at once begin the voyage at the expiration of the time fixed for loading, even though the charterer has not loaded the whole goods.

前條第二項ノ規定ハ前項ノ場合ニ之ヲ準用ス

In that case the provisions of Art. 596, 2 apply correspondingly.

第五百九十八條　發航前ニ於テハ傭船者ハ運送賃ノ半額ヲ支拂ヒテ契約ノ解除ヲ爲スコトヲ得

598.　Before the voyage has been begun, the charterer may terminate the contract on paying one half of the freight.

往復航海ヲ爲スヘキ場合ニ於テ傭船者カ其歸航ノ發航前ニ契約ノ解除ヲ爲シタルトキハ運送賃ノ三分ノ二ヲ支拂フコトヲ要ス他港ヨリ船積港ニ航行スヘキ場合ニ於テ傭船者カ其船積港ヲ發スル前ニ契約ノ解除ヲ爲シタルトキ亦同シ

If the charter includes a return voyage and the charterer terminates the contract before the beginning of the return voyage, he must pay two thirds of the freight. The same applies, if the ship is to come from another port to the port of loading and the charterer terminates the contract before the departure of the ship from the port of loading.

運送品ノ全部又ハ一部ヲ船積シタル後前二項ノ規定ニ從ヒテ契約ノ解除ヲ爲シタルトキハ其船積及ヒ陸揚ノ費用ハ傭船者之ヲ負擔ス

If the charterer terminates the contract under the provisions of the foregoing two paragraphs after the whole or a part of the goods have been loaded, he must bear the expenses of their loading and discharging.

傭船者カ船積期間內ニ運送品ノ船積ヲ爲ササリシトキハ契約ノ解除ヲ爲シタルモノト看做ス

If the charterer does not load the goods within the time fixed for doing so, he is deemed to have terminated the contract.

第五百九十九條　傭船者カ前條ノ規定ニ從ヒテ契約ノ解除ヲ爲シタルトキト雖モ附隨ノ費用及ヒ立替金ヲ支拂フ責ヲ免ルルコトヲ得ス

599.　Even though the contract is terminated under the provisions of the preceding article, the charterer is not exempted from his obligation to pay incidental costs and disbursements.

前條第二項ノ場合ニ於テハ傭船者ハ前項ニ揭ケタルモノノ外運送品ノ價格ニ應シ共同海損、救援又ハ救助ノ爲メ負擔スヘキ金額ヲ支拂フコトヲ要ス

In the case of Art. 598, 2 the charterer must in addition pay in proportion to the value of the goods any amount to be borne on the ground of common sea damage, assistance in distress or salvage.

第六百條　發航後ニ於テハ傭船者ハ運送賃ノ全額ヲ支拂フ外第六百六條第一項ニ定メタル債務ヲ辨濟シ且陸揚ノ爲メニ生スヘキ損害ヲ賠償シ又ハ相當ノ擔保ヲ供スルニ非サレハ契約ノ解除ヲ爲スコトヲ得ス

600.　After the voyage has begun, the charterer may terminate the contract only on condition that besides paying full freight he performs the obligations provided for in Art. 606, 1 and makes compensation for all damage arising from the discharging of the goods or gives proper security.

第六百一條　船舶ノ一部ヲ以テ運送契約ノ目的ト爲シタル場合ニ於テ傭船者カ他ノ傭船者及ヒ荷送人ト共同セスシテ發航前ニ契約ノ解除ヲ爲シタルトキハ運送賃ノ全額ヲ支拂フコトヲ要ス但船舶所有者カ他ノ運送品ヨリ得タル運送賃ハ之ヲ控除ス

601.　If in case of a partial charter of the ship the charterer before the commencement of the voyage terminates the contract without the other charterers and shippers doing the same, he must pay the full freight ; but any freight earned by the shipowner from the carriage of other goods is deducted.

發航前ト雖モ傭船者カ旣ニ運送品ノ全部又ハ一部ヲ船積シタルトキハ他ノ傭船者及ヒ荷送人ノ同意ヲ得ルニ非サレハ契約ノ解除ヲ爲スコトヲ得ス

If the whole or a part of the goods have already been loaded, the charterer can even before the commencement of the voyage terminate the contract only with the consent of the other charterers and shippers.

前七條ノ規定ハ船舶ノ一部ヲ以テ運送契約ノ目的ト爲シタル場合ニ之ヲ準用ス

The provisions of the seven preceding articles apply correspondingly to a partial charter of a ship.

第六百二條　箇箇ノ運送品ヲ以テ運送契約ノ目的ト爲シタルトキハ荷送人ハ船長ノ指圖ニ從ヒ遲滯ナク運送品ヲ船積スルコトヲ要ス

602.　If the contract of carriage is for the carriage of particular goods, the shipper must without delay load the goods in accordance with the directions of the master.

荷送人カ運送品ノ船積ヲ怠リタルトキハ船長ハ直チニ發航ヲ爲スコトヲ得此場合ニ於テハ荷送人ハ運送賃ノ全額ヲ支拂フコトヲ要ス但船舶所有者カ他ノ運送品ヨリ得タル運送賃ハ之ヲ控除ス

If the shipper neglects to load the goods, the master may begin the voyage at once. In such case the shipper must pay the full freight, but any freight earned by the shipowner from the carriage of other goods is deducted.

第六百三條　第六百一條ノ規定ハ荷送人カ契約ノ解除ヲ爲ス場合ニ之ヲ準用ス

603.　The provisions of Art. 601 apply correspondingly in case a shipper terminates the contract.

第六百四條　傭船者又ハ荷送人ハ船積期間內ニ運送ニ必要ナル書類ヲ船長ニ交付スルコトヲ要ス

604.　The charterer or the shipper must deliver all necessary papers to the master within the time set for loading.

第六百五條　船舶ノ全部又ハ一部ヲ以テ運送契約ノ目的ト爲シタル場合ニ於テ運送品ヲ陸揚スルニ必要ナル準備カ整頓シタルトキハ船長ハ遲滯ナク荷受人ニ對シテ其通知ヲ發スルコトヲ要ス

605.　In case of a charter of the whole or a part of the ship, the master must give notice to the consignee as soon as the necessary preparations for the discharge of the goods have been duly completed.

運送品ヲ陸揚スヘキ期間ノ定アル場合ニ於テハ其期間ハ前項ノ通知アリタル日ノ翌日ヨリ之ヲ起算ス其期間經過ノ後運送品ヲ陸揚シタルトキハ船舶所有者ハ特約ナキトキト雖モ相當ノ報酬ヲ請求スルコトヲ得

If a time for discharge is fixed, it is computed from the day after the day of such notice, If goods are discharged after the expiration of such time, the shipowner is entitled, even without an express agreement, to a reasonable compensation.

前項ノ期間中ニハ不可抗力ニ因リテ陸揚ヲ爲スコト能ハサル日ヲ算入セス

Those days during which discharge is prevented by vis major are not reckoned as a part of the time for discharge.

箇箇ノ運送品ヲ以テ運送契約ノ目的ト爲シタルトキハ荷受人ハ船長ノ指圖ニ從ヒ遲滯ナク運送品ヲ陸揚スルコトヲ要ス

If the contract of carriage is for particular goods, the consignee must unload them without delay in accordance with the directions of the master.

第六百六條　荷受人カ運送品ヲ受取リタルトキハ運送契約又ハ船荷證券ノ趣旨ニ從ヒ運送賃、附隨ノ費用、立替金及ヒ運送品ノ價格ニ應シ共同海損、救援又ハ救助ノ爲メ負擔スヘキ金額ヲ支拂フ義務ヲ負フ

606.　When the consignee has received the goods, he is bound to pay, according to the contract of carriage or to the tenor of the bill of lading, the freight, incidental expenses, disbursements and any amount to be borne in proportion to the value of the goods on the ground of common sea damage, assistance in distress or salvage.

船長ハ前項ニ定メタル金額ノ支拂ト引換ニ非サレハ運送品ヲ引渡スコトヲ要セス

The master must not deliver the goods except on the payment of the aforesaid sums.

第六百七條　荷受人カ運送品ヲ受取ルコトヲ怠リタルトキハ船長ハ之ヲ供託スルコトヲ得此場合ニ於テハ遲滯ナク荷受人ニ對シテ其通知ヲ發スルコトヲ要ス

607.　If the consignee neglects to receive the goods, the master may deposit them. In such case he must without delay give notice thereof to the consignee.

荷受人ヲ確知スルコト能ハサルトキ又ハ荷受人カ運送品ヲ受取ルコトヲ拒ミタルトキハ船長ハ運送品ヲ供託スルコトヲ要ス此場合ニ於テハ遲滯ナク傭船者又ハ荷送人ニ對シテ其通知ヲ發スルコトヲ要ス

If the consignee cannot be ascertained, or if he refuses to receive the goods, the master must deposit them. In such case he must without delay give notice thereof to the charterer or shipper.

第六百八條　運送品ノ重量又ハ容積ヲ以テ運送賃ヲ定メタルトキハ其額ハ運送品引渡ノ當時ニ於ケル重量又ハ容積ニ依リテ之ヲ定ム

608.　If the freight is according to the weight or bulk of the goods, its amount is determined by their weight or bulk at the time of delivery.

第六百九條　期間ヲ以テ運送賃ヲ定メタルトキハ其額ハ運送品ノ船積著手ノ日ヨリ其陸揚終了ノ日マテノ期間ニ依リテ之ヲ定ム但船舶カ不可抗力ニ因リ發航港若クハ航海ノ途中ニ於テ碇泊ヲ爲スヘキトキ又ハ航海ノ途中ニ於テ船舶ヲ修繕スヘキトキハ其期間ハ之ヲ算入セス第五百九十四條第二項又ハ第六百五條第二項ノ場合ニ於テ船積期間又ハ陸揚期間經過ノ後運送品ノ船積又ハ陸揚ヲ爲シタル日數亦同シ

609.　If the freight is according to time, its amount is determined by the time from the day when the loading of the goods was begun to the day when the discharge is completed ; but any time during which the ship by vis major was compelled to lie at anchor at the port of departure or in the course of the voyage, or to undergo repairs in the course of the voyage is to be excluded. The same applies in the case of Art. 594, 2 or Art. 605, 2 to days on which goods are loaded or discharged after the time limited for loading or discharge has expired.

第六百十條　船舶所有者ハ第六百六條第一項ニ定メタル金額ノ支拂ヲ受クル爲メ裁判所ノ許可ヲ得テ運送品ヲ競賣スルコトヲ得

610.　A shipowner, in order to obtain payment of the amount mentioned in Art. 606, 1 may by the permission of the court sell the goods by public auction.

船長カ荷受人ニ運送品ヲ引渡シタル後ト雖モ船舶所有者ハ其運送品ノ上ニ權利ヲ行使スルコトヲ得但引渡ノ日ヨリ二週間ヲ經過シタルトキ又ハ第三者カ其占有ヲ取得シタルトキハ此限ニ在ラス

The shipowner may exercise this right against the goods even after the master has delivered them to the consignee ; but this provision does not apply, if two weeks have elapsed since the day of delivery, or if a third person has acquired the possession of the goods.

第六百十一條　船舶所有者カ前條ニ定メタル權利ヲ行ハサルトキハ傭船者又ハ荷送人ニ對スル請求權ヲ失フ但傭船者又ハ荷送人ハ其受ケタル利益ノ限度ニ於テ償還ヲ爲スコトヲ要ス

611.　If the shipowner does not exercise the right mentioned in the preceding article, he loses his claim against the charterer or shipper ; provided that the latter persons must make compensation so far as they have been actually enriched.

第六百十二條　船舶ノ全部又ハ一部ヲ以テ運送契約ノ目的ト爲シタル場合ニ於テ傭船者カ更ニ第三者ト運送契約ヲ爲シタルトキハ其契約ノ履行カ船長ノ職務ニ屬スル範圍內ニ於テハ船舶所有者ノミ其第三者ニ對シテ履行ノ責ニ任ス但第五百四十四條ニ定メタル權利ヲ行フコトヲ妨ケス

612.　If the whole or a part of the ship has been chartered and the charterer again makes a contract of carriage with a third person, the shipowner only is bound to such third person to perform the latter contract so far as that lies within the limits of the master's duties ; but this does not affect the exercise of the right mentioned in Art. 544.

第六百十三條　船舶ノ全部ヲ以テ運送契約ノ目的ト爲シタル場合ニ於テハ其契約ハ左ノ事由ニ因リテ終了ス

613.　If the whole ship is chartered, the contract of carriage is terminated in the following cases :--

一　第五百八十七條第一項ニ揭ケタル事由

1.　For the cause mentioned in Art. 587, 1 ;

二　運送品カ不可抗力ニ因リテ滅失シタルコト

2.　If the goods are lost by vis major.

第五百八十七條第一項ニ揭ケタル事由カ航海中ニ生シタルトキハ傭船者ハ運送ノ割合ニ應シ運送品ノ價格ヲ超エサル限度ニ於テ運送賃ヲ支拂フコトヲ要ス

If the cause mentioned in Art. 587, 1 occurs during the voyage, the charterer must pay freight in propor tion to the part of the carriage performed, but not to exceed the value of the goods.

第六百十四條　航海又ハ運送カ法令ニ反スルニ至リタルトキ其他不可抗力ニ因リテ契約ヲ爲シタル目的ヲ達スルコト能ハサルニ至リタルトキハ各當事者ハ契約ノ解除ヲ爲スコトヲ得

614.　If it happens that the voyage or the carriage would be contrary to law or regulation, or if by reason of any vis major the object of the contract can no longer be accomplished, either party may terminate the contract.

前項ニ揭ケタル事由カ發航後ニ生シタル場合ニ於テ契約ノ解除ヲ爲シタルトキハ傭船者ハ運送ノ割合ニ應シテ運送賃ヲ支拂フコトヲ要ス

If such cause occurs after the commencement of the voyage, and in consequence thereof the contract is terminated, the charterer must pay freight in proportion to the part of the carriage performed.

第六百十五條　第六百十三條第一項第二號及ヒ前條第一項ニ揭ケタル事由カ運送品ノ一部ニ付テ生シタルトキハ傭船者ハ船舶所有者ノ負擔ヲ重カラシメサル範圍內ニ於テ他ノ運送品ヲ船積スルコトヲ得

615.　If the causes mentioned in Art. 613, 1, No. 2 and Art. 614, 1 affect a part of the cargo only, the charterer may load other goods so far as the obligations of the shipowner are not thereby made more onerous.

傭船者カ前項ニ定メタル權利ヲ行ハント欲スルトキハ遲滯ナク運送品ノ陸揚又ハ船積ヲ爲スコトヲ要ス若シ其陸揚又ハ船積ヲ怠リタルトキハ運送賃ノ全額ヲ支拂フコトヲ要ス

If the charterer elects to exercise this right, he must discharge or load the goods without delay. If he neglects to do so, he must pay full freight.

第六百十六條　第六百十三條及ヒ第六百十四條ノ規定ハ船舶ノ一部又ハ箇箇ノ運送品ヲ以テ運送契約ノ目的ト爲シタル場合ニ之ヲ準用ス

616.　The provisions of Arts. 613 and 614 apply correspondingly to a contract of carriage relating to a part of the ship or to particular goods.

第六百十三條第一項第二號及ヒ第六百十四條第一項ニ揭ケタル事由カ運送品ノ一部ニ付テ生シタルトキト雖モ傭船者又ハ荷送人ハ契約ノ解除ヲ爲スコトヲ得但運送賃ノ全額ヲ支拂フコトヲ要ス

Even though the causes mentioned in Arts. 613, 1, No. 2, and 614, 1 affect only a part of the goods, the charterer or shipper may terminate the contract on payment of the full freight.

第六百十七條　船舶所有者ハ左ノ場合ニ於テハ運送賃ノ全額ヲ請求スルコトヲ得

617.　A shipowner may claim the full freight:--

一　船長カ第五百六十八條第一項ノ規定ニ從ヒテ積荷ヲ賣却又ハ質入シタルトキ

1.　If the master has sold or pledged the goods according to the provisions of Art. 568, 1 ;

二　船長カ第五百七十二條ノ規定ニ從ヒテ積荷ヲ航海ノ用ニ供シタルトキ

2.　If he has used them for the purpose of the voyage according to the provisions of Art. 572 ;

三　船長カ第六百四十一條ノ規定ニ從ヒテ積荷ヲ處分シタルトキ

3.　If he has disposed of them according to the provisions of Art. 641.

第六百十八條　船舶所有者ノ傭船者、荷送人又ハ荷受人ニ對スル債權ハ一年ヲ經過シタルトキハ時效ニ因リテ消滅ス

618.　Obligations existing in favour of the shipowner against a charterer, shipper or consignee are extinguished by prescription after the expiration of one year.

第六百十九條　第三百二十八條、第三百三十六條乃至第三百四十一條及ヒ第三百四十八條ノ規定ハ船舶所有者ニ之ヲ準用ス

619.　The provisions of Arts. 328, 336-341 and 348 apply correspondingly to shipowners.

第二款　船荷證券

SUBSECTION II. BILLS OF LADING.

第六百二十條　船長ハ傭船者又ハ荷送人ノ請求ニ因リ運送品ノ船積後遲滯ナク一通又ハ數通ノ船荷證券ヲ交付スルコトヲ要ス

620.　Upon the loading of the goods the master must on demand deliver at once to the charterer or shipper a bill of lading in one or more parts.

第六百二十一條　船舶所有者ハ船長以外ノ者ニ船長ニ代ハリテ船荷證券ヲ交付スルコトヲ委任スルコトヲ得

621.　The shipowner may authorize a person other than the master to deliver bills of lading in the latter's place.

第六百二十二條　船荷證券ニハ左ノ事項ヲ記載シ船長又ハ之ニ代ハル者署名スルコトヲ要ス

622.　A bill of lading must be signed by the master or the person acting in his place and must contain :--

一　船舶ノ名稱及ヒ國籍

1.　The name and the nationality of the ship ;

二　船長カ船荷證券ヲ作ラサルトキハ船長ノ氏名

2.　The name of the master, unless he himself executes the bill ;

三　運送品ノ種類、重量若クハ容積及ヒ其荷造ノ種類、箇數竝ニ記號

3.　The nature, weight or bulk of the goods and the manner of their packing, their number and markings ;

四　傭船者又ハ荷送人ノ氏名又ハ商號

4.　The name or the trade name of the charterer 01 shipper ;

五　荷受人ノ氏名若クハ商號又ハ所持人ニ運送品ヲ引渡スヘキコト

5.　The name or the trade name of the consignee, or a statement that the goods are to be delivered to the holder ;

六　船積港

6.　The port of loading ;

七　陸揚港但發航後傭船者又ハ荷送人カ陸揚港ヲ指定スヘキトキハ其之ヲ指定スヘキ港

7.　The port of discharge, or if the port of discharge is to be designated by the charterer or shipper after the beginning of the voyage, the port where such designation is to be made ;

八　運送賃

8.　The freight ;

九　數通ノ船荷證券ヲ作リタルトキハ其員數

9.　If the bill of lading is drawn in several parts, the number of such parts ;

十　船荷證券ノ作成地及ヒ其作成ノ年月日

10.　The place and the date of the execution of the bill of lading.

第六百二十三條　傭船者又ハ荷送人ハ船長又ハ之ニ代ハル者ノ請求ニ因リ船荷證券ノ謄本ニ署名シテ之ヲ交付スルコトヲ要ス

623.　The charterer or shipper must, if required by the master or the person acting in his place, deliver a signed copy of the bill.

第六百二十四條　陸揚港ニ於テハ船長ハ數通ノ船荷證券中ノ一通ノ所持人カ運送品ノ引渡ヲ請求シタルトキト雖モ其引渡ヲ拒ムコトヲ得ス

624.　If at the port of discharge the holder of one part of a bill of lading drawn in parts demands the delivery of the goods, the master cannot refuse it.

第六百二十五條　陸揚港外ニ於テハ船長ハ船荷證券ノ各通ノ返還ヲ受クルニ非サレハ運送品ヲ引渡スコトヲ得ス

625.　Outside of the port of discharge the master may deliver the goods only on surrender of all the parts of the bill of lading.

第六百二十六條　二人以上ノ船荷證券所持人カ運送品ノ引渡ヲ請求シタルトキハ船長ハ遲滯ナク運送品ヲ供託シ且請求ヲ爲シタル各所持人ニ對シテ其通知ヲ發スルコトヲ要ス船長カ第六百二十四條ノ規定ニ依リテ運送品ノ一部ヲ引渡シタル後他ノ所持人カ運送品ノ引渡ヲ請求シタル場合ニ於テ其殘部ニ付キ亦同シ

626.　When two or more holders of a bill of lading demand delivery of the goods, the master must without delay deposit them and give notice thereof to each of the holders who have demanded such delivery. If after the master has already delivered a part of the goods in accordance with the provisions of Art. 624, another holder demands delivery of the goods, the same applies to the remainder of the goods.

第六百二十七條　二人以上ノ船荷證券所持人アル場合ニ於テ其一人カ他ノ所持人ニ先チテ船長ヨリ運送品ノ引渡ヲ受ケタルトキハ他ノ所持人ノ船荷證券ハ其效力ヲ失フ

627.　When there are two or more holders of a bill of lading, if one of then has got delivery of the goods from the master before the other holders, the bills of lading of the latter lose their effect.

第六百二十八條　二人以上ノ船荷證券所持人アル場合ニ於テ船長カ未タ運送品ノ引渡ヲ爲ササルトキハ原所持人カ最モ先ニ發送シ又ハ引渡シタル證券ヲ所持スル者他ノ所持人ニ先チテ其權利ヲ行フ

628.　When there are two or more holders of a bill of lading, if the master has not yet delivered the goods to any one of them, the one who holds the bill that was first forwarded or delivered by the original holder exercises his right before the other holders.

第六百二十九條　第三百三十四條、第三百三十五條、第四百五十五條及ヒ第四百八十三條ノ規定ハ船荷證券ニ之ヲ準用ス

629.　The provisions of Arts. 334, 335, 455 and 483 apply correspondingly to bills of lading.

第二節　旅客運送

SECTION II. THE CARRIAGE OF PASSENGERS.

第六百三十條　記名ノ乘船切符ハ之ヲ他人ニ讓渡スコトヲ得ス

630.　A passage ticket issued to a person named in it cannot be transferred to another person.

第六百三十一條　旅客ノ航海中ノ食料ハ船舶所有者ノ負擔トス

631.　The maintenance of the passengers during the voyage is at the charge of the shipowner.

第六百三十二條　旅客カ契約ニ依リ船中ニ携帶スルコトヲ得ル手荷物ニ付テハ船舶所有者ハ特約アルニ非サレハ別ニ運送賃ヲ請求スルコトヲ得ス

632.　The shipowner cannot charge separate freight for the luggage which a passenger has a right to bring on board under his contract, except by virtue of an express agreement to that effect.

第六百三十三條　旅客カ乘船時期マテニ船舶ニ乘込マサルトキハ船長ハ發航ヲ爲シ又ハ航海ヲ繼續スルコトヲ得此場合ニ於テハ旅客ハ運送賃ノ全額ヲ支拂フコトヲ要ス

633.　If a passenger does not come on board by the time of departure, the master may begin or prosecute the voyage without him. In such case the passenger must pay his full fare.

第六百三十四條　發航前ニ於テハ旅客ハ運送賃ノ半額ヲ支拂ヒテ契約ノ解除ヲ爲スコトヲ得

634.　Before the commencement of the voyage the passenger may terminate the contract by paying one half of his fare.

發航後ニ於テハ旅客ハ運送賃ノ全額ヲ支拂フニ非サレハ契約ノ解除ヲ爲スコトヲ得ス

After the commencement of the voyage the passenger can terminate the contract only by paying his whole fare.

第六百三十五條　旅客カ發航前ニ死亡、疾病其他一身ニ關スル不可抗力ニ因リテ航海ヲ爲スコト能ハサルニ至リタルトキハ船舶所有者ハ運送賃ノ四分ノ一ヲ請求スルコトヲ得

635.　If before the commencement of the voyage it happens that the passenger cannot make the voyage by reason of his death, his sickness or any vis major affecting his person, the shipowner is entitled to one quarter of the fare.

前項ニ揭ケタル事由カ發航後ニ生シタルトキハ船舶所有者ハ其選擇ニ從ヒ運送賃ノ四分ノ一ヲ請求シ又ハ運送ノ割合ニ應シテ運送賃ヲ請求スルコトヲ得

If one of the aforesaid causes occurs after the commencement of the voyage, the shipowner may demand at his option either one quarter of the fare or so much of the fare as is proportional to the part of the voyage performed.

第六百三十六條　航海ノ途中ニ於テ船舶ヲ修繕スヘキトキハ船舶所有者ハ其修繕中旅客ニ相當ノ住居及ヒ食料ヲ供スルコトヲ要ス但旅客ノ權利ヲ害セサル範圍內ニ於テ他ノ船舶ヲ以テ上陸港マテ旅客ヲ運送スルコトヲ提供シタルトキハ此限ニ在ラス

636.　If a ship has to be repaired during the voyage, the master must during the time of such repairs supply the passenger with proper lodging and maintenance. But this does not apply, if he offers to forward the passenger by another ship to the port of destination without prejudice to the passenger's rights under the contract.

第六百三十七條　旅客運送契約ハ第五百八十七條第一項ニ揭ケタル事由ニ因リテ終了ス若シ其事由カ航海中ニ生シタルトキハ旅客ハ運送ノ割合ニ應シテ運送賃ヲ支拂フコトヲ要ス

637.　A contract for carriage comes to an end by any of the causes specified in Art. 587,1. If such cause occurs during the voyage, the passenger must pay fare in proportion to the part of the voyage performed.

第六百三十八條　旅客カ死亡シタルトキハ船長ハ最モ其相續人ノ利益ニ適スヘキ方法ニ依リテ其船中ニ在ル手荷物ノ處分ヲ爲スコトヲ要ス

638.　If a passenger dies, the master must take measures as to his luggage on board in such a way as is most to the interest of the heirs.

第六百三十九條　第三百五十條、第三百五十一條第一項、第三百五十二條、第五百九十一條、第五百九十二條、第六百十四條及ヒ第六百十八條ノ規定ハ海上ノ旅客運送ニ之ヲ準用ス

639.　The provisions of Arts. 350, 351,1, 352, 591, 592, 614, and 618 apply correspondingly to the carriage of passengers by sea.

第五百九十三條及ヒ第六百十七條ノ規定ハ旅客ノ手荷物ニ之ヲ準用ス

The provisions of Arts. 593 and 617 apply correspondingly to passengers* luggage.

第六百四十條　旅客運送ヲ爲ス爲メ船舶ノ全部又ハ一部ヲ以テ運送契約ノ目的ト爲シタル場合ニ於テハ船舶所有者ト傭船者トノ關係ニ付テハ前節第一款ノ規定ヲ準用ス

640.　If a ship is wholly or partly chartered to carry passengers, the provisions of Subsection I of the preceding Section apply correspondingly to the relations between the shipowner and the charterer.

第四章　海損

CHAPTER IV. SEA DAMAGE.

第六百四十一條　船長カ船舶及ヒ積荷ヲシテ共同ノ危險ヲ免レシムル爲メ船舶又ハ積荷ニ付キ爲シタル處分ニ因リテ生シタル損害及ヒ費用ハ之ヲ共同海損トス

641.　Common sea damage is any damage and expense arising from a disposition made by the master in regard to the ship or cargo to save both from a common danger.

前項ノ規定ハ危險カ過失ニ因リテ生シタル場合ニ於テ利害關係人ノ過失者ニ對スル求償ヲ妨ケス

This provision does not affect a recourse by a party interested against any person from whose fault the danger arose.

第六百四十二條　共同海損ハ之ニ因リテ保存スルコトヲ得タル船舶又ハ積荷ノ價格ト運送賃ノ半額ト共同海損タル損害ノ額トノ割合ニ應シテ各利害關係人之ヲ分擔ス

642.　All persons interested must contribute to common sea damage according to the proportion of the value of the ship or the cargo saved thereby, one half of the freight and the amount of the damage forming common sea damage.

第六百四十三條　共同海損ノ分擔額ニ付テハ船舶ノ價格ハ到達ノ地及ヒ時ニ於ケル價格トシ積荷ノ價格ハ陸揚ノ地及ヒ時ニ於ケル價格トス但積荷ニ付テハ其價格中ヨリ滅失ノ場合ニ於テ支拂フコトヲ要セサル運送賃其他ノ費用ヲ控除スルコトヲ要ス

643.　As to the amount to be contributed to common sea damage the value of the ship is her value at the time and place of arrival, the value of the cargo is its value at the time and place of discharge ; but as to the cargo, freight and expenses which in the case of loss need not be paid, arc to be deducted from its value.

第六百四十四條　前二條ノ規定ニ依リ共同海損ヲ分擔スヘキ者ハ船舶ノ到達又ハ積荷ノ引渡ノ時ニ於テ現存スル價額ノ限度ニ於テノミ其責ニ任ス

644.　The persons bound to contribute to common sea damage according to the provisions of the preceding two articles are not responsible beyond the values remaining at the time of the arrival of the ship or of the delivery of the cargo.

第六百四十五條　船舶ニ備附ケタル武器、船員ノ給料、船員及ヒ旅客ノ食料竝ニ衣類ハ共同海損ノ分擔ニ付キ其價額ヲ算入セス但此等ノ物ニ加ヘタル損害ハ他ノ利害關係人之ヲ分擔ス

645.　The value of the armament of the ship, the wages of the mariners, the supplies for them and for passengers and their clothing are not included in the contribution to common sea damage ; but nevertheless damage to any such thing is to be contributed for by the other parties interested.

第六百四十六條　船荷證券其他積荷ノ價格ヲ評定スルニ足ルヘキ書類ナクシテ船積シタル荷物又ハ屬具目錄ニ記載セサル屬具ニ加ヘタル損害ハ利害關係人ニ於テ之ヲ分擔スルコトヲ要セス

646.　Damage to goods laden without a bill of lading or any documents sufficient for assessing the value of the cargo, or to appurtenances of the ship not included in the inventory of appurtenances, need not be borne by the persons interested.

甲板ニ積込ミタル荷物ニ加ヘタル損害亦同シ但沿岸ノ小航海ニ在リテハ此限ニ在ラス

The same applies to goods loaded on deck, except in the case of short coasting voyages.

前二項ニ揭ケタル積荷ノ利害關係人ト雖モ共同海損ヲ分擔スル責ヲ免ルルコトヲ得ス

The persons interested, in cargo mentioned in the foregoing two paragraphs are, however, not exempted from the liability to contribute to common sea damage.

第六百四十七條　共同海損タル損害ノ額ハ到達ノ地及ヒ時ニ於ケル船舶ノ價格又ハ陸揚ノ地及ヒ時ニ於ケル積荷ノ價格ニ依リテ之ヲ定ム但積荷ニ付テハ其滅失又ハ毀損ノ爲メ支拂フコトヲ要セサリシ一切ノ費用ヲ控除スルコトヲ要ス

647.　The amount of the damage forming common sea damage is determined with reference to the value of the ship at the time and place of arrival or of the cargo at the time and place of discharge, but in respect to the cargo all expenses are to be deducted whose payment has been made unnecessary by the loss or damage.

第三百三十八條ノ規定ハ共同海損ノ場合ニ之ヲ準用ス

The provisions of Art. 338 apply correspondingly to common sea damage.

第六百四十八條　船荷證券其他積荷ノ價格ヲ評定スルニ足ルヘキ書類ニ積荷ノ實價ヨリ低キ價額ヲ記載シタルトキハ其積荷ニ加ヘタル損害ノ額ハ其記載シタル價額ニ依リテ之ヲ定ム

648.　If in bills of lading or other documents sufficient for assessing the value of cargo, the value of cargo is stated lower than its actual value, the amount of damage caused to such cargo is to be determined with reference to the value so stated.

積荷ノ實價ヨリ高キ價額ヲ記載シタルトキハ其積荷ノ利害關係人ハ其記載シタル價額ニ應シテ共同海損ヲ分擔ス

If the value of cargo is stated higher than the actual value, the persons interested in such cargo are liable for common sea damage in proportion to the value so stated.

前二項ノ規定ハ積荷ノ價格ニ影響ヲ及ホスヘキ事項ニ付キ虛僞ノ記載ヲ爲シタル場合ニ之ヲ準用ス

The provisions of the foregoing two paragraphs apply correspondingly, if a wilfully false statement has been made as to any circumstance afflicting the value of the cargo.

第六百四十九條　第六百四十二條ノ規定ニ依リテ利害關係人カ共同海損ヲ分擔シタル後船舶、其屬具若クハ積荷ノ全部又ハ一部カ其所有者ニ復シタルトキハ其所有者ハ償金中ヨリ救助ノ費用及ヒ一部滅失又ハ毀損ニ因リテ生シタル損害ノ額ヲ控除シタルモノヲ返還スルコトヲ要ス

649.　If after the parties interested have contributed to the common sea damage in accordance with the provisions of Art. 642, the owner of the ship, its appurtenances or the cargo recovers the whole or a part thereof, he is bound to pay back what he has received in payment after deducting therefrom the expense of salvage and the amount of the damage arising from a partial loss or damage.

第六百五十條　船舶カ雙方ノ船員ノ過失ニ因リテ衝突シタル場合ニ於テ雙方ノ過失ノ輕重ヲ判定スルコト能ハサルトキハ其衝突ニ因リテ生シタル損害ハ各船舶ノ所有者平分シテ之ヲ負擔ス

650.　If in the case of collision caused by the fault of mariners of both ships, it cannot be determined which party was more in fault, the owners of both ships shall bear the loss arising by such collision equally.

第六百五十一條　共同海損又ハ船舶ノ衝突ニ因リテ生シタル債權ハ一年ヲ經過シタルトキハ時效ニ因リテ消滅ス

651.　An obligation arising from common sea damage or collision is extinguished by prescription after the expiration of one year.

前項ノ期間ハ共同海損ニ付テハ其計算終了ノ時ヨリ之ヲ起算ス

In case of common sea damage such period is computed from the completion of the adjustment.

第六百五十二條　本章ノ規定ハ船舶カ不可抗力ニ因リ發航港又ハ航海ノ途中ニ於テ碇泊ヲ爲ス爲メニ要スル費用ニ之ヲ準用ス

652.　The provisions of this chapter apply correspondingly to expenses which have been necessarily incurred because the ship has been detained in the port of departure or in the course of the voyage by any vis major.

第五章　保險

CHAPTER V. MARINE INSURANCE.

第六百五十三條　海上保險契約ハ航海ニ關スル事故ニ因リテ生スルコトアルヘキ損害ノ塡補ヲ以テ其目的トス

653.　A contract of marine insurance is for indemnification against loss which is liable to arise from any cause connected with the voyage.

海上保險契約ニハ本章ニ別段ノ定アル場合ヲ除ク外第三編第十章第一節第一款ノ規定ヲ適用ス

The provisions of Book III, Chapter X, Section I, Subsection I apply to marine insurance so far as there are no different provisions contained in this chapter.

第六百五十四條　保險者ハ本章又ハ保險契約ニ別段ノ定アル場合ヲ除ク外保險期間中保險ノ目的ニ付キ航海ニ關スル事故ニ因リテ生シタル一切ノ損害ヲ塡補スル責ニ任ス

654.　So far as not differently provided in this chapter or in the contract of insurance, the underwriter is bound to indemnify any loss arising during the continuance of insurance to the subject of insurance from a cause connected with the voyage.

第六百五十五條　保險者ハ被保險者カ支拂フヘキ共同海損ノ分擔額ヲ塡補スル責ニ任ス但保險價額ノ一部ヲ保險ニ付シタル場合ニ於テハ保險者ノ負擔ハ保險金額ノ保險價額ニ對スル割合ニ依リテ之ヲ定ム

655.　The underwriter is responsible for the amount to be contributed to common sea damage by the insured. If, however, only a part of the insurable interest is insured, the amount to be paid by the underwriter is determined by the ratio of the sum insured to the insurable interest.

第六百五十六條　船舶ノ保險ニ付テハ保險者ノ責任カ始マル時ニ於ケル其價額ヲ以テ保險價額トス

656.　As to an insurance of a ship, the insurable interest is her value at the time when the risk of the underwriter begins.

第六百五十七條　積荷ノ保險ニ付テハ其船積ノ地及ヒ時ニ於ケル其價額及ヒ船積竝ニ保險ニ關スル費用ヲ以テ保險價額トス

657.　As to an insurance of cargo, the insurable interest is its value at the time and place of loading plus the expenses of loading and insurance.

第六百五十八條　積荷ノ到達ニ因リテ得ヘキ利益又ハ報酬ノ保險ニ付テハ契約ヲ以テ保險價額ヲ定メサリシトキハ保險金額ヲ以テ保險價額トシタルモノト推定ス

658.　As to an insurance on profits to be made or any commission to be gained by the arrival of the cargo, if the insurable interest is not fixed by the contract, the sum insured is presumed to be the insurable interest.

第六百五十九條　一航海ニ付キ船舶ヲ保險ニ付シタル場合ニ於テハ保險者ノ責任ハ荷物又ハ底荷ノ船積ニ著手シタル時ヲ以テ始マル

659.　If a ship is insured for a single voyage, the risk of the underwriter commences when the loading of goods or taking of ballast begins.

荷物又ハ底荷ノ船積ヲ爲シタル後船舶ヲ保險ニ付シタルトキハ保險者ノ責任ハ契約成立ノ時ヲ以テ始マル

If a ship is insured after the goods have been loaded or the ballast has been taken in, the risk begins at the time when the contract comes into existence.

前二項ノ場合ニ於テ保險者ノ責任ハ到達港ニ於テ荷物又ハ底荷ノ陸揚カ終了シタル時ヲ以テ終ハル但其陸揚カ不可抗力ニ因ラスシテ遲延シタルトキハ其終了スヘカリシ時ヲ以テ終ハル

In the cases mentioned in the foregoing two paragraphs the risk ends on the discharge of the goods or ballast at the port of destination being finished. If, however, the discharge is delayed, except by vis major, the risk ends at the time when the discharge ought to have been finished.

第六百六十條　積荷ヲ保險ニ付シ又ハ積荷ノ到達ニ因リテ得ヘキ利益若クハ報酬ヲ保險ニ付シタル場合ニ於テハ保險者ノ責任ハ其積荷カ陸地ヲ離レタル時ヲ以テ始マリ陸揚港ニ於テ其陸揚カ終了シタル時ヲ以テ終ハル

660.　If the cargo or profits to be made or any commission to be gained by its arrival is insured, the risk of the underwriter begins at the time when the cargo leaves the land, and ends when the discharge of the cargo is finished at the port of discharge.

前條第三項但書ノ規定ハ前項ノ場合ニ之ヲ準用ス

In the case of the foregoing paragraph the proviso of Art. 659, 3 applies correspondingly.

第六百六十一條　海上保險證券ニハ第四百三條第二項ニ揭ケタル事項ノ外左ノ事項ヲ記載スルコトヲ要ス

661.　In addition to the particulars specified in Art. 403, 2, a policy of marine insurance must contain :--

一　船舶ヲ保險ニ付シタル場合ニ於テハ其船舶ノ名稱、國籍竝ニ種類、船長ノ氏名及ヒ發航港、到達港又ハ寄航港ノ定アルトキハ其港名

1.　If the ship is insured, her name, nationality and class, the name of the master, the ports of departure and destination or, if there are any ports of call, such ports ;

二　積荷ヲ保險ニ付シ又ハ積荷ノ到達ニ因リテ得ヘキ利益若クハ報酬ヲ保險ニ付シタル場合ニ於テハ船舶ノ名稱、國籍竝ニ種類、船積港及ヒ陸揚港

2.　If the cargo or profits to be made or any commission to be gained by its arrival is insured, the name, nationality and class of the ship and the ports of loading and of discharge.

第六百六十二條　保險者ノ責任カ始マル前ニ於テ航海ヲ變更シタルトキハ保險契約ハ其效力ヲ失フ

662.　If the voyage is changed before the risk of the underwriter begins, the contract of insurance loses its effect.

保險者ノ責任カ始マリタル後航海ヲ變更シタルトキハ保險者ハ其變更後ノ事故ニ付キ責任ヲ負フコトナシ但其變更カ保險契約者又ハ被保險者ノ責ニ歸スヘカラサル事由ニ因リタルトキハ此限ニ在ラス

If the voyage is changed after the risk has begun, the underwriter is freed from liability for circumstances happening after the change has been made. But this does not apply, if the cause of the change is not imputable either to the insurer or to the insured.

到達港ヲ變更シ其實行ニ著手シタルトキハ保險シタル航路ヲ離レサルトキト雖モ航海ヲ變更シタルモノト看做ス

If the port of destination is changed, and the carrying out of the change has been begun, this shall be deemed a change of the voyage, even though the ship has not deviated from the insured route.

第六百六十三條　被保險者カ發航ヲ爲シ若クハ航海ヲ繼續スルコトヲ怠リ又ハ航路ヲ變更シ其他著シク危險ヲ變更若クハ增加シタルトキハ保險者ハ其變更又ハ增加以後ノ事故ニ付キ責任ヲ負フコトナシ但其變更又ハ增加カ事故ノ發生ニ影響ヲ及ホササリシトキ又ハ保險者ノ負擔ニ歸スヘキ不可抗力若クハ正當ノ理由ニ因リテ生シタルトキハ此限ニ在ラス

663.　If the insured fails to begin or prosecute the voyage, or if he changes the route or otherwise substantially changes or increases the risk, the underwriter is not liable for events which happen after such change or increase ; but this does not apply, if such change or increase did not contribute to the happening of the event, or if the change or increase was owing to any vis major imputable to the underwriter or was for any just cause.

第六百六十四條　保險契約中ニ船長ヲ指定シタルトキト雖モ船長ノ變更ハ契約ノ效力ニ影響ヲ及ホサス

664.　A change of the master does not affect the validity of the contract of insurance, even though the master is designated in the contract.

第六百六十五條　積荷ヲ保險ニ付シ又ハ積荷ノ到達ニ因リテ得ヘキ利益若クハ報酬ヲ保險ニ付シタル場合ニ於テ船舶ヲ變更シタルトキハ保險者ハ其變更以後ノ事故ニ付キ責任ヲ負フコトナシ但其變更カ保險契約者又ハ被保險者ノ責ニ歸スヘカラサル事由ニ因リタルトキハ此限ニ在ラス

665.　If in the case of insurance of the cargo or of profits to be made or any commission to be gained by its arrival the ship is changed, the underwriter is not liable for events which happen thereafter ; but this does not apply, if the change was for a cause not imputable to the insurer or the insured.

第六百六十六條　保險契約ヲ爲スニ當タリ荷物ヲ積込ムヘキ船舶ヲ定メサリシ場合ニ於テ保險契約者又ハ被保險者カ其荷物ヲ船積シタルコトヲ知リタルトキハ遲滯ナク保險者ニ對シテ船舶ノ名稱及ヒ國籍ノ通知ヲ發スルコトヲ要ス

666.　If at the time of making the insurance contract the ship in which the goods are to be loaded is not specified, the insurer or the insured must without delay after he has knowledge of the loading of the goods notify the underwriter of the name and the nationality of the ship.

保險契約者又ハ被保險者カ前項ノ通知ヲ怠リタルトキハ保險契約ハ其效力ヲ失フ

If the insurer or the insured fails to give such notice, the contract of insurance loses its effect.

第六百六十七條　保險者ハ左ニ揭ケタル損害又ハ費用ヲ塡補スル責ニ任セス

667.　The underwriter is not liable for the following kinds of damage and expenses :--

一　保險ノ目的ノ性質若クハ瑕疵、其自然ノ消耗又ハ保險契約者若クハ被保險者ノ惡意若クハ重大ナル過失ニ因リテ生シタル損害

1.　Any damage arising from the nature or de natural waste or from the bad faith or gross negligence of the insurer or the insured ;

二　船舶又ハ運送賃ヲ保險ニ付シタル場合ニ於テ發航ノ當時安全ニ航海ヲ爲スニ必要ナル準備ヲ爲サス又ハ必要ナル書類ヲ備ヘサルニ因リテ生シタル損害

2.　In an insurance of ship or freight, any damage arising from the fact that at the beginning of the voyage the necessary preparations for safety on the voyage had not been made, or necessary papers were not on board ;

三　積荷ヲ保險ニ付シ又ハ積荷ノ到達ニ因リテ得ヘキ利益若クハ報酬ヲ保險ニ付シタル場合ニ於テ傭船者、荷送人又ハ荷受人ノ惡意若クハ重大ナル過失ニ因リテ生シタル損害

3.　In an insurance of cargo or of profits to be made or any commission to be gained by its arrival, any damage arising from the bad faith or gross negligence of the charterer, shipper or consignee ;

四　水先案內料、入港料、燈臺料、檢疫料其他船舶又ハ積荷ニ付キ航海ノ爲メニ出タシタル通常ノ費用

4.　Pilotage, port dues, lighthouse fees, quarantine fees and other ordinary expenses incurred in respect to the ship or cargo for the purposes of the voyage.

第六百六十八條　共同海損ニ非サル損害又ハ費用カ其計算ニ關スル費用ヲ算入セスシテ保險價額ノ百分ノ二ヲ超エサルトキハ保險者ハ之ヲ塡補スル責ニ任セス

668.　If damage or expenses not falling under common sea damage do not amount to at least two per cent of the insurable interest exclusive of the costs of adjustment, the underwriter is not bound to make conpensation for them.

右ノ損害又ハ費用カ保險價額ノ百分ノ二ヲ超エタルトキハ保險者ハ其全額ヲ支拂フコトヲ要ス

If such damage or expenses amount to more than two per cent of the insurable interest, the underwriter must pay the whole amount.

前二項ノ規定ハ當事者カ契約ヲ以テ保險者ノ負擔セサル損害又ハ費用ノ割合ヲ定メタル場合ニ之ヲ準用ス

The provisions of the two foregoing paragraphs apply correspondingly where the parties have fixed in the contract the proportion of damage or expenses for which the underwriter is not to be liable.

前三項ニ定メタル割合ハ各航海ニ付キ之ヲ計算ス

The proportion'mentioned in the foregoing three paragraphs is to be computed separately for each voyage.

第六百六十九條　保險ノ目的タル積荷カ毀損シテ陸揚港ニ到達シタルトキハ保險者ハ其積荷カ毀損シタル狀況ニ於ケル價額ノ毀損セサル狀況ニ於テ有スヘカリシ價額ニ對スル割合ヲ以テ保險價額ノ一部ヲ塡補スル責ニ任ス

669.　If cargo insured arrives damaged at the port of discharge, the underwriter is bound to pay a part of the insurable interest bearing such ratio to the sum insured as the value of the damaged cargo bears to its sound value.

第六百七十條　航海ノ途中ニ於テ不可抗力ニ因リ保險ノ目的タル積荷ヲ賣却シタルトキハ其賣却ニ依リテ得タル代價ノ中ヨリ運送賃其他ノ費用ヲ控除シタルモノト保險價額トノ差ヲ以テ保險者ノ負擔トス但保險價額ノ一部ヲ保險ニ付シタル場合ニ於テ第三百九十一條ノ適用ヲ妨ケス

670.　If cargo insured is sold during the voyage because of any vis major, the loss to be borne by the underwriter is the difference between the proceeds of the sale remaining after the deduction of the freight and other expenses, and the insurable interest. This does not affect the application of Art. 391 in case the insurable interest is only partly insured.

前項ノ場合ニ於テ買主カ代價ヲ支拂ハサルトキハ保險者ハ其支拂ヲ爲スコトヲ要ス但其支拂ヲ爲シタルトキハ被保險者ノ買主ニ對シテ有セル權利ヲ取得ス

If in the case of the foregoing paragraph the buyer does not pay the price, the underwriter must pay it. On payment he acquires the rights -of the insured against the buyer.

第六百七十一條　左ノ場合ニ於テハ被保險者ハ保險ノ目的ヲ保險者ニ委付シテ保險金額ノ全部ヲ請求スルコトヲ得

671.　In the following cases the insured may claim the entire sum insured on abandoning the thing insured to the underwriter:--

一　船舶カ沈沒シタルトキ

1.　If the ship is lost ;

二　船舶ノ行方カ知レサルトキ

2.　If she is missing ;

三　船舶カ修繕スルコト能ハサルニ至リタルトキ

3.　If she has become unrepairable ;

四　船舶又ハ積荷カ捕獲セラレタルトキ

4.　If the ship or cargo is captured ;

五　船舶又ハ積荷カ官ノ處分ニ依リテ押收セラレ六个月間解放セラレサルトキ

5.　If the ship or cargo is detained by public authority and not liberated for six months.

第六百七十二條　船舶ノ存否カ六个月間分明ナラサルトキハ其船舶ハ行方ノ知レサルモノトス

672.　A ship is to be deemed missing, if it is not known for six months whether she is in existence or not.

保險期間ノ定アル場合ニ於テ其期間カ前項ノ期間內ニ經過シタルトキト雖モ被保險者ハ委付ヲ爲スコトヲ得但船舶カ保險期間內ニ滅失セサリシコトノ證明アリタルトキハ其委付ハ無效トス

In case of a time insurance the insured may abandon, even though the period of his insurance has expired during the period mentioned in the foregoing paragraph ; but the abandonment is invalid, if it is proved that the ship was not lost within the period of insurance.

第六百七十三條　第六百七十一條第三號ノ場合ニ於テ船長カ遲滯ナク他ノ船舶ヲ以テ積荷ノ運送ヲ繼續シタルトキハ被保險者ハ其積荷ヲ委付スルコトヲ得ス

673.　If in the case mentioned in Art. 671, No. 3 the master forwards the cargo without delay by another ship, the insured is not entitled to abandon such cargo.

第六百七十四條　被保險者カ委付ヲ爲サント欲スルトキハ三个月內ニ保險者ニ對シテ其通知ヲ發スルコトヲ要ス

674.　If the insured elects to abandon, he must give notice thereof to the underwriter within three months.

前項ノ期間ハ第六百七十一條第一號、第三號及ヒ第四號ノ場合ニ於テハ被保險者カ其事由ヲ知リタル時ヨリ之ヲ起算ス

In the cases mentioned in Art. 671, Nos. 1, 3 and 4 this period is computed from the time when the insured has knowledge of the cause of abandonment.

再保險ノ場合ニ於テハ第一項ノ期間ハ其被保險者カ自己ノ被保險者ヨリ委付ノ通知ヲ受ケタル時ヨリ之ヲ起算ス

In case of re-insurance the period is computed from the time when the person re-insured receives notice of abandonment from his insured.

第六百七十五條　委付ハ單純ナルコトヲ要ス

675.　An abandonment must be absolute.

委付ハ保險ノ目的ノ全部ニ付テ之ヲ爲スコトヲ要ス但委付ノ原因カ其一部ニ付テ生シタルトキハ其部分ニ付テノミ之ヲ爲スコトヲ得

An abandonment must be of the whole subject insured, provided that if the cause of abandonment arises only as to a part thereof, abandonment may be made of that part only.

保險價額ノ一部ヲ保險ニ付シタル場合ニ於テハ委付ハ保險金額ノ保險價額ニ對スル割合ニ應シテ之ヲ爲スコトヲ得

If a part of the insurable interest is insured, abandonment may be made according to the ratio of the sum insured to the insurable interest.

第六百七十六條　保險者カ委付ヲ承認シタルトキハ後日其委付ニ對シテ異議ヲ述フルコトヲ得ス

676.　When the underwriter has accepted the abandonment, he cannot object to it afterwards.

第六百七十七條　保險者ハ委付ニ因リ被保險者カ保險ノ目的ニ付キ有セル一切ノ權利ヲ取得ス

677.　By the abandonment the underwriter acquires all the rights of the insured in the subject of insurance.

被保險者カ委付ヲ爲シタルトキハ保險ノ目的ニ關スル證書ヲ保險者ニ交付スルコトヲ要ス

If the insured abandons, he must deliver to the underwriter all papers relating to the subject of insurance.

第六百七十八條　被保險者ハ委付ヲ爲スニ當タリ保險者ニ對シ保險ノ目的ニ關スル他ノ保險契約竝ニ其負擔ニ屬スル債務ノ有無及ヒ其種類ヲ通知スルコトヲ要ス

678.　The insured on abandoning must inform the underwriter of all other insurances on the subject of insurance and whether any obligations have arisen on account of them, and if so, of what kind.

保險者ハ前項ノ通知ヲ受クルマテハ保險金額ノ支拂ヲ爲スコトヲ要セス

The underwriter need not pay the sum insured until he has received the information above mentioned.

保險金額ノ支拂ニ付キ期間ノ定アルトキハ其期間ハ保險者カ第一項ノ通知ヲ受ケタル時ヨリ之ヲ起算ス

If a period is fixed for the payment of the sum insured, it is computed from the time when the underwriter receives the aforesaid information.

第六百七十九條　保險者カ委付ヲ承認セサルトキハ被保險者ハ委付ノ原因ヲ證明シタル後ニ非サレハ保險金額ノ支拂ヲ請求スルコトヲ得ス

679.　If the underwriter does not accept the abandonment, the insured can claim the sum insured only on making proof of the cause of the abandonment.

第六章　船舶債權者

CHAPTER VI. SHIP'S CREDITORS.

第六百八十條　左ニ揭ケタル債權ヲ有スル者ハ船舶、其屬具及ヒ未タ受取ラサル運送賃ノ上ニ先取特權ヲ有ス

680.　A holder of any one of the following obligations has a preferential right in the ship, her appurtenances and the unpaid freight:--

一　船舶竝ニ其屬具ノ競賣ニ關スル費用及ヒ競賣手續開始後ノ保存費

1.　Expenses of a sale of the ship and her appurtenances at public auction, and expenses of preservation made after the proceedings for a public sale have been commenced ;

二　最後ノ港ニ於ケル船舶及ヒ其屬具ノ保存費

2.　Expenses for the preservation of the ship and its appurtenances at the last port ;

三　航海ニ關シ船舶ニ課シタル諸稅

3.　Dues levied on the ship in respect of the voyage ;

四　水先案內料及ヒ挽船料

4.　Pilotage and towage ;

五　救援竝ニ救助ノ費用及ヒ船舶ノ負擔ニ屬スル共同海損

5.　Expenses for assistance in distress and salvage and for the ship's portion of common sea damage ;

六　航海繼續ノ必要ニ因リテ生シタル債權

6.　Obligations arising from the necessity of continuing the voyage ;

七　雇傭契約ニ因リテ生シタル船長其他ノ船員ノ債權

7.　Obligations in favour of the master or other mariners arising out of the contract of hiring ;

八　船舶カ其賣買又ハ製造ノ後未タ航海ヲ爲ササル場合ニ於テ其賣買又ハ製造竝ニ艤裝ニ因リテ生シタル債權及ヒ最後ノ航海ノ爲メニスル船舶ノ艤裝、食料竝ニ燃料ニ關スル債權

8.　If the ship after having been bought or built has not yet made any voyage, obligations arising from the sale or the building and outfit of the ship ; and also obligations for the outfit, supplies and fuel for her last voyage ;

九　第二號、第四號乃至第六號及ヒ前號ニ揭ケタルモノヲ除ク外第五百四十四條ノ規定ニ依リ委付ヲ許シタル債權

9.　Except as to those mentioned in Nos. 2, 4-6 and 8, the obligations as to which abandonment may be made according to the provisions of Art. 544.

第六百八十一條　船舶債權者ノ先取特權ハ運送賃ニ付テハ其先取特權ノ生シタル航海ニ於ケル運送賃ノ上ニノミ存在ス

681.　A preferential right of a ship's creditor as to freight exists only in the freight for the voyage on which such preferential right came into existence.

第六百八十二條　船舶債權者ノ先取特權カ互ニ競合スル場合ニ於テハ其優先權ノ順位ハ第六百八十條ニ揭ケタル順序ニ從フ但同條第四號乃至第六號ノ債權間ニ在リテハ後ニ生シタルモノ前ニ生シタルモノニ先ツ

682.　If preferential rights of ship's creditors conflict, their priority is governed by the order mentioned in Art. 680 ; but as between those mentioned under Nos. 4-6 of the said article a later right has precedence over an earlier one.

同一順位ノ先取特權者數人アルトキハ各其債權額ノ割合ニ應シテ辨濟ヲ受ク但第六百八十條第四號乃至第六號ノ債權カ同時ニ生セサリシ場合ニ於テハ後ニ生シタルモノ前ニ生シタルモノニ先ツ

If several ship's creditors have preferential rights of the same rank, each of them receives performance in proportion to the amount of his respective obligation ; but as between the obligations mentioned in Art. 680, Nos. 4-6, which have not arisen at the same time, a later one has precedence over an earlier one.

先取特權カ數囘ノ航海ニ付テ生シタル場合ニ於テハ前二項ノ規定ニ拘ハラス後ノ航海ニ付テ生シタルモノ前ノ航海ニ付テ生シタルモノニ先ツ

If preferential rights have arisen in respect to different voyages, a right in respect to a later voyage takes precedence over one in respect to an earlier voyage, notwithstanding the provisions of the two foregoing paragraphs.

第六百八十三條　船舶債權者ノ先取特權ト他ノ先取特權ト競合スル場合ニ於テハ船舶債權者ノ先取特權ハ他ノ先取特權ニ先ツ

683.　If a preferential right of a ship's creditor conflicts with another preferential right, the former has precedence.

第六百八十四條　船舶所有者カ其船舶ヲ讓渡シタル場合ニ於テハ讓受人ハ其讓渡ヲ登記シタル後先取特權者ニ對シ一定ノ期間內ニ其債權ノ申出ヲ爲スヘキ旨ヲ公吿スルコトヲ要ス但其期間ハ一个月ヲ下ルコトヲ得ス

684.　If a shipowner assigns his ship, the assignee, after the assignment has been registered, must give public notice to holders of preferential rights to notify him of the obligations existing in their favour within a certain period, which must not be less than one month.

先取特權者カ前項ノ期間內ニ其債權ノ申出ヲ爲ササリシトキハ其先取特權ハ消滅ス

If the holder of a preferential right fails to give such notice within the time limited, his preferential right is extinguished.

第六百八十五條　船舶債權者ノ先取特權ハ其發生後一年ヲ經過シタルトキハ消滅ス

685.　A preferential right of a ship's creditor is extinguished after one year from the time when it came into existence.

第六百八十條第八號ノ先取特權ハ船舶ノ發航ニ因リテ消滅ス

The preferential right mentioned in Art. 680, No. 8 is extinguished as soon as the ship has started upon a voyage.

第六百八十六條　登記シタル船舶ハ之ヲ以テ抵當權ノ目的ト爲スコトヲ得

686.　A registered ship can be mortgaged.

船舶ノ抵當權ハ其屬具ニ及フ

A mortgage includes also the appurtenances of the ship.

船舶ノ抵當權ニハ不動產ノ抵當權ニ關スル規定ヲ準用ス

The provisions relating to mortgages of immovables apply correspondingly to mortgages of ships.

第六百八十七條　船舶ノ先取特權ハ抵當權ニ先チテ之ヲ行フコトヲ得

687.　A preferential right upon a ship can be exercised in precedence of a mortgage.

第六百八十八條　登記シタル船舶ハ之ヲ以テ質權ノ目的ト爲スコトヲ得ス

688.　A registered ship cannot be pledged.

第六百八十九條　本章ノ規定ハ製造中ノ船舶ニ之ヲ準用ス

689.　The provisions of this chapter apply correspondingly to ships in course of building.